implement tilde expansion for ~user and ~uid using nix User lookups

implemented backtick command subs

deferred heredoc expansion until redir time instead of parse time

implemented "$*" expansions

function defs like 'func   ()  { }' now parse correctly

fixed conjunctions short circuiting instead of skipping

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ A Linux shell written in Rust. The name is a nod to the original Unix utilities
 
 ### Line Editor
 
-`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt.
+`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt than conventional `vi` mode implementations.
 
 - **Normal mode** - motions (`w`, `b`, `e`, `f`, `t`, `%`, `0`, `$`, etc.), verbs (`d`, `c`, `y`, `p`, `r`, `x`, `~`, etc.), text objects (`iw`, `aw`, `i"`, `a{`, `is`, etc.), registers, `.` repeat, `;`/`,` repeat, and counts
 - **Insert mode** - insert, append, replace, with Ctrl+W word deletion and undo/redo

src/builtin/alias.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ pub fn alias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     write(stdout, alias_output.as_bytes())?; // Write it
   } else {
     for (arg, span) in argv {
-
       let Some((name, body)) = arg.split_once('=') else {
         let Some(alias) = read_logic(|l| l.get_alias(&arg)) else {
           return Err(ShErr::at(
@@ -59,7 +58,10 @@ pub fn alias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
         return Err(ShErr::at(
           ShErrKind::ExecFail,
           span,
-          format!("alias: Cannot assign alias to reserved name '{}'", name.fg(next_color())),
+          format!(
+            "alias: Cannot assign alias to reserved name '{}'",
+            name.fg(next_color())
+          ),
         ));
       }
       write_logic(|l| l.insert_alias(name, body, span.clone()));

src/builtin/arrops.rs

@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ pub fn get_arr_op_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<ArrOpOpts> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use std::collections::VecDeque;
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
-  use crate::state::{self, read_vars, write_vars, VarFlags, VarKind};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::collections::VecDeque;
 
   fn set_arr(name: &str, elems: &[&str]) {
     let arr = VecDeque::from_iter(elems.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));

src/builtin/autocmd.rs

@@ -159,7 +159,10 @@ mod tests {
     test_input("autocmd post-cmd 'echo post'").unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 1);
-    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+      read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(),
+      1
+    );
   }
 
   // ===================== Pattern =====================
@@ -205,7 +208,10 @@ mod tests {
 
     test_input("autocmd -c pre-cmd").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+      read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(),
+      1
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -245,11 +251,21 @@ mod tests {
   fn all_kinds_parse() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     let kinds = [
-      "pre-cmd", "post-cmd", "pre-change-dir", "post-change-dir",
+      "pre-cmd",
-      "on-job-finish", "pre-prompt", "post-prompt",
+      "post-cmd",
-      "pre-mode-change", "post-mode-change",
+      "pre-change-dir",
-      "on-history-open", "on-history-close", "on-history-select",
+      "post-change-dir",
-      "on-completion-start", "on-completion-cancel", "on-completion-select",
+      "on-job-finish",
+      "pre-prompt",
+      "post-prompt",
+      "pre-mode-change",
+      "post-mode-change",
+      "on-history-open",
+      "on-history-close",
+      "on-history-select",
+      "on-completion-start",
+      "on-completion-cancel",
+      "on-completion-select",
       "on-exit",
     ];
     for kind in kinds {

src/builtin/cd.rs

@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ pub mod tests {
     let new_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
     assert_ne!(old_dir, new_dir);
 
-		assert_eq!(new_dir.display().to_string(), temp_dir.path().display().to_string());
+    assert_eq!(
+      new_dir.display().to_string(),
+      temp_dir.path().display().to_string()
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -111,7 +114,10 @@ pub mod tests {
     test_input("cd").unwrap();
 
     let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(cwd.display().to_string(), temp_dir.path().display().to_string());
+    assert_eq!(
+      cwd.display().to_string(),
+      temp_dir.path().display().to_string()
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]

src/builtin/complete.rs

@@ -316,10 +316,10 @@ pub fn get_comp_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<CompOpts> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_meta, write_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
   use std::fs;
   use tempfile::TempDir;
-  use crate::state::{self, read_meta, write_vars, VarFlags, VarKind};
-  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
 
   // ===================== complete: Registration =====================
 

src/builtin/dirstack.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub fn truncate_home_path(path: String) -> String {
   if let Ok(home) = env::var("HOME")
-	&& path.starts_with(&home) {
+    && path.starts_with(&home)
+  {
     let new = path.strip_prefix(&home).unwrap();
     return format!("~{new}");
   }
@@ -376,8 +377,7 @@ pub fn dirs(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
       .map(|d| d.to_string_lossy().to_string());
 
     if abbreviate_home {
-      stack.map(truncate_home_path)
+      stack.map(truncate_home_path).collect()
-        .collect()
     } else {
       stack.collect()
     }
@@ -428,10 +428,13 @@ pub fn dirs(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
+  use crate::{
+    state::{self, read_meta},
+    testutil::{TestGuard, test_input},
+  };
+  use pretty_assertions::{assert_eq, assert_ne};
   use std::{env, path::PathBuf};
-	use crate::{state::{self, read_meta}, testutil::{TestGuard, test_input}};
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
-	use pretty_assertions::{assert_ne,assert_eq};
-use tempfile::TempDir;
 
   #[test]
   fn test_pushd_interactive() {
@@ -580,8 +583,14 @@ use tempfile::TempDir;
     let out = g.read_output();
     let lines: Vec<&str> = out.split('\n').filter(|l| !l.is_empty()).collect();
     assert_eq!(lines.len(), 2);
-		assert_eq!(lines[0], super::truncate_home_path(path.to_string_lossy().to_string()));
+    assert_eq!(
-		assert_eq!(lines[1], super::truncate_home_path(original.to_string_lossy().to_string()));
+      lines[0],
+      super::truncate_home_path(path.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      lines[1],
+      super::truncate_home_path(original.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]

src/builtin/echo.rs

@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ pub fn echo(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   let output_channel = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
   let xpg_echo = read_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo); // If true, echo expands escape sequences by default, and -E opts out
 
-	let use_escape = (xpg_echo && !flags.contains(EchoFlags::NO_ESCAPE)) || flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_ESCAPE);
+  let use_escape =
+    (xpg_echo && !flags.contains(EchoFlags::NO_ESCAPE)) || flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_ESCAPE);
 
   let mut echo_output = prepare_echo_args(
     argv
@@ -308,11 +309,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn prepare_multiple_args() {
-    let result = prepare_echo_args(
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["hello".into(), "world".into()], false, false).unwrap();
-      vec!["hello".into(), "world".into()],
-      false,
-      false,
-    ).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result, vec!["hello", "world"]);
   }
 

src/builtin/eval.rs

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub fn eval(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use crate::state::{self, read_vars, write_vars, VarFlags, VarKind};
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
 
   // ===================== Basic =====================
@@ -80,7 +80,8 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn eval_expands_variable() {
     let guard = TestGuard::new();
-    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("CMD", VarKind::Str("echo evaluated".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("CMD", VarKind::Str("echo evaluated".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
 
     test_input("eval $CMD").unwrap();
     let out = guard.read_output();

src/builtin/exec.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn exec_nonexistent_command_fails() {
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
-    let result = test_input("exec _____________no_such_______command_xyz_____________hopefully______this_doesnt______exist_____somewhere_in___your______PATH__________________");
+    let result = test_input(
+      "exec _____________no_such_______command_xyz_____________hopefully______this_doesnt______exist_____somewhere_in___your______PATH__________________",
+    );
     assert!(result.is_err());
   }
 }

src/builtin/keymap.rs

@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ pub fn keymap(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::*;
-  use crate::getopt::Opt;
   use crate::expand::expand_keymap;
+  use crate::getopt::Opt;
   use crate::state::{self, read_logic};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
 
@@ -217,7 +217,8 @@ mod tests {
     let opts = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[
       Opt::Short('n'),
       Opt::LongWithArg("remove".into(), "jk".into()),
-    ]).unwrap();
+    ])
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(opts.remove, Some("jk".into()));
   }
 
@@ -273,10 +274,7 @@ mod tests {
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
     test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
 
-    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
-      KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
-      &expand_keymap("jk"),
-    ));
     assert!(!maps.is_empty());
   }
 
@@ -285,10 +283,7 @@ mod tests {
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
     test_input("keymap -i jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
 
-    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::INSERT, &expand_keymap("jk")));
-      KeyMapFlags::INSERT,
-      &expand_keymap("jk"),
-    ));
     assert!(!maps.is_empty());
   }
 
@@ -298,10 +293,7 @@ mod tests {
     test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
     test_input("keymap -n jk 'dd'").unwrap();
 
-    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
-      KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
-      &expand_keymap("jk"),
-    ));
     assert_eq!(maps.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(maps[0].action, "dd");
   }
@@ -312,10 +304,7 @@ mod tests {
     test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
     test_input("keymap -n --remove jk").unwrap();
 
-    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
-      KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
-      &expand_keymap("jk"),
-    ));
     assert!(maps.is_empty());
   }
 

src/builtin/map.rs

@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ pub fn get_map_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> MapOpts {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use super::{MapNode, MapFlags, get_map_opts};
+  use super::{MapFlags, MapNode, get_map_opts};
   use crate::getopt::Opt;
   use crate::state::{self, read_vars};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
@@ -433,10 +433,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn mapnode_remove_nested() {
     let mut root = MapNode::default();
-    root.set(
+    root.set(&["a".into(), "b".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("val".into()));
-      &["a".into(), "b".into()],
-      MapNode::StaticLeaf("val".into()),
-    );
     root.remove(&["a".into(), "b".into()]);
     assert!(root.get(&["a".into(), "b".into()]).is_none());
     // Parent branch should still exist

src/builtin/mod.rs

@@ -17,20 +17,21 @@ pub mod keymap;
 pub mod map;
 pub mod pwd;
 pub mod read;
+pub mod resource;
+pub mod seek;
 pub mod shift;
 pub mod shopt;
 pub mod source;
 pub mod test; // [[ ]] thing
 pub mod trap;
 pub mod varcmds;
-pub mod resource;
 
-pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 49] = [
+pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 50] = [
-  "echo", "cd", "read", "export", "local", "pwd", "source", ".", "shift", "jobs", "fg", "bg", "disown",
+  "echo", "cd", "read", "export", "local", "pwd", "source", ".", "shift", "jobs", "fg", "bg",
-  "alias", "unalias", "return", "break", "continue", "exit", "shopt", "builtin",
+  "disown", "alias", "unalias", "return", "break", "continue", "exit", "shopt", "builtin",
   "command", "trap", "pushd", "popd", "dirs", "exec", "eval", "true", "false", ":", "readonly",
   "unset", "complete", "compgen", "map", "pop", "fpop", "push", "fpush", "rotate", "wait", "type",
-  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd", "ulimit", "umask"
+  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd", "ulimit", "umask", "seek",
 ];
 
 pub fn true_builtin() -> ShResult<()> {
@@ -50,7 +51,10 @@ pub fn noop_builtin() -> ShResult<()> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests {
-    use crate::{state, testutil::{TestGuard, test_input}};
+  use crate::{
+    state,
+    testutil::{TestGuard, test_input},
+  };
 
   // You can never be too sure!!!!!!
 

src/builtin/pwd.rs

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ pub fn pwd(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use std::env;
-  use tempfile::TempDir;
   use crate::state;
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::env;
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
 
   #[test]
   fn pwd_prints_cwd() {

src/builtin/read.rs

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ pub fn get_read_key_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<ReadKeyOpts> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use crate::state::{self, read_vars, write_vars, VarFlags, VarKind};
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
 
   // ===================== Basic read into REPLY =====================

src/builtin/resource.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
 use ariadne::Fmt;
-use nix::{libc::STDOUT_FILENO, sys::{resource::{Resource, getrlimit, setrlimit}, stat::{Mode, umask}}, unistd::write};
+use nix::{
-
+  libc::STDOUT_FILENO,
-use crate::{
+  sys::{
-  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens_strict}, libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, ShResultExt, next_color}, parse::{NdRule, Node}, procio::borrow_fd, state::{self}
+    resource::{Resource, getrlimit, setrlimit},
+    stat::{Mode, umask},
+  },
+  unistd::write,
 };
 
-fn ulimit_opt_spec() -> [OptSpec;5] {
+use crate::{
+  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens_strict},
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, ShResultExt, next_color},
+  parse::{NdRule, Node},
+  procio::borrow_fd,
+  state::{self},
+};
+
+fn ulimit_opt_spec() -> [OptSpec; 5] {
   [
     OptSpec {
       opt: Opt::Short('n'), // file descriptors
@@ -26,7 +37,7 @@ fn ulimit_opt_spec() -> [OptSpec;5] {
     OptSpec {
       opt: Opt::Short('v'), // virtual memory
       takes_arg: true,
-		}
+    },
   ]
 }
 
@@ -50,39 +61,51 @@ fn get_ulimit_opts(opt: &[Opt]) -> ShResult<UlimitOpts> {
   for o in opt {
     match o {
       Opt::ShortWithArg('n', arg) => {
-				opts.fds = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(
+        opts.fds = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
             ShErrKind::ParseErr,
             format!("invalid argument for -n: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
-				))?);
+          )
-			},
+        })?);
+      }
       Opt::ShortWithArg('u', arg) => {
-				opts.procs = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(
+        opts.procs = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
             ShErrKind::ParseErr,
             format!("invalid argument for -u: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
-				))?);
+          )
-			},
+        })?);
+      }
       Opt::ShortWithArg('s', arg) => {
-				opts.stack = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(
+        opts.stack = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
             ShErrKind::ParseErr,
             format!("invalid argument for -s: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
-				))?);
+          )
-			},
+        })?);
+      }
       Opt::ShortWithArg('c', arg) => {
-				opts.core = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(
+        opts.core = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
             ShErrKind::ParseErr,
             format!("invalid argument for -c: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
-				))?);
+          )
-			},
+        })?);
+      }
       Opt::ShortWithArg('v', arg) => {
-				opts.vmem = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(
+        opts.vmem = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
             ShErrKind::ParseErr,
             format!("invalid argument for -v: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
-				))?);
+          )
-			},
+        })?);
-			o => return Err(ShErr::simple(
+      }
+      o => {
+        return Err(ShErr::simple(
           ShErrKind::ParseErr,
           format!("invalid option: {}", o.fg(next_color())),
-			)),
+        ));
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -99,68 +122,89 @@ pub fn ulimit(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     unreachable!()
   };
 
-	let (_, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens_strict(argv, &ulimit_opt_spec()).promote_err(span.clone())?;
+  let (_, opts) =
+    get_opts_from_tokens_strict(argv, &ulimit_opt_spec()).promote_err(span.clone())?;
   let ulimit_opts = get_ulimit_opts(&opts).promote_err(span.clone())?;
 
   if let Some(fds) = ulimit_opts.fds {
-		let (_, hard) =  getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to get file descriptor limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
-		setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, fds, hard).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, fds, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to set file descriptor limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
+    })?;
   }
   if let Some(procs) = ulimit_opts.procs {
-		let (_, hard) =  getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to get process limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
-		setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC, procs, hard).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC, procs, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to set process limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
+    })?;
   }
   if let Some(stack) = ulimit_opts.stack {
-		let (_, hard) =  getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to get stack size limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
-		setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK, stack, hard).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK, stack, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to set stack size limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
+    })?;
   }
   if let Some(core) = ulimit_opts.core {
-		let (_, hard) =  getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to get core dump size limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
-		setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE, core, hard).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE, core, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to set core dump size limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
+    })?;
   }
   if let Some(vmem) = ulimit_opts.vmem {
-		let (_, hard) =  getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to get virtual memory limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
-		setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS, vmem, hard).map_err(|e| ShErr::at(
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS, vmem, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
         ShErrKind::ExecFail,
         span.clone(),
         format!("failed to set virtual memory limit: {}", e),
-		))?;
+      )
+    })?;
   }
 
   state::set_status(0);
@@ -172,11 +216,17 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   let NdRule::Command {
     assignments: _,
     argv,
-	} = node.class else {	unreachable!() };
+  } = node.class
+  else {
+    unreachable!()
+  };
 
   let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens_strict(
     argv,
-		&[OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('S'), takes_arg: false }],
+    &[OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('S'),
+      takes_arg: false,
+    }],
   )?;
   let argv = &argv[1..]; // skip command name
 
@@ -195,24 +245,28 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     let arg = argv[0].clone();
     let raw = arg.as_str();
     if raw.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
-			let mode_raw = u32::from_str_radix(raw, 8).map_err(|_| ShErr::at(
+      let mode_raw = u32::from_str_radix(raw, 8).map_err(|_| {
+        ShErr::at(
           ShErrKind::ParseErr,
           span.clone(),
           format!("invalid numeric umask: {}", raw.fg(next_color())),
-			))?;
+        )
+      })?;
 
-			let mode = Mode::from_bits(mode_raw).ok_or_else(|| ShErr::at(
+      let mode = Mode::from_bits(mode_raw).ok_or_else(|| {
+        ShErr::at(
           ShErrKind::ParseErr,
           span.clone(),
           format!("invalid umask value: {}", raw.fg(next_color())),
-			))?;
+        )
+      })?;
 
       umask(mode);
     } else {
       let parts = raw.split(',');
 
       for part in parts {
-				if let Some((who,bits)) = part.split_once('=') {
+        if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('=') {
           let mut new_bits = 0;
           if bits.contains('r') {
             new_bits |= 4;
@@ -253,7 +307,7 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
           }
 
           umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(old_bits));
-				} else if let Some((who,bits)) = part.split_once('+') {
+        } else if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('+') {
           let mut new_bits = 0;
           if bits.contains('r') {
             new_bits |= 4;
@@ -291,7 +345,7 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
           }
 
           umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(old_bits));
-				} else if let Some((who,bits)) = part.split_once('-') {
+        } else if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('-') {
           let mut new_bits = 0;
           if bits.contains('r') {
             new_bits |= 4;
@@ -337,7 +391,6 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
         }
       }
     }
-
   } else if !opts.is_empty() {
     let u = (old_bits >> 6) & 0o7;
     let g = (old_bits >> 3) & 0o7;
@@ -345,11 +398,7 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     let mut u_str = String::from("u=");
     let mut g_str = String::from("g=");
     let mut o_str = String::from("o=");
-		let stuff = [
+    let stuff = [(u, &mut u_str), (g, &mut g_str), (o, &mut o_str)];
-			(u, &mut u_str),
-			(g, &mut g_str),
-			(o, &mut o_str),
-		];
     for (bits, out) in stuff.into_iter() {
       if bits & 4 == 0 {
         out.push('r');
@@ -362,7 +411,7 @@ pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
       }
     }
 
-		let msg = [u_str,g_str,o_str].join(",");
+    let msg = [u_str, g_str, o_str].join(",");
     let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
     write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
     write(stdout, b"\n")?;
@@ -423,7 +472,8 @@ mod tests {
     let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[
       Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "256".into()),
       Opt::ShortWithArg('c', "0".into()),
-    ]).unwrap();
+    ])
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(opts.fds, Some(256));
     assert_eq!(opts.core, Some(0));
     assert!(opts.procs.is_none());

src/builtin/seek.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+use nix::{
+  libc::STDOUT_FILENO,
+  unistd::{Whence, lseek, write},
+};
+
+use crate::{
+  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens},
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
+  parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv},
+  procio::borrow_fd,
+  state,
+};
+
+pub const LSEEK_OPTS: [OptSpec; 2] = [
+  OptSpec {
+    opt: Opt::Short('c'),
+    takes_arg: false,
+  },
+  OptSpec {
+    opt: Opt::Short('e'),
+    takes_arg: false,
+  },
+];
+
+pub struct LseekOpts {
+  cursor_rel: bool,
+  end_rel: bool,
+}
+
+pub fn seek(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+  let NdRule::Command {
+    assignments: _,
+    argv,
+  } = node.class
+  else {
+    unreachable!()
+  };
+
+  let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(argv, &LSEEK_OPTS)?;
+  let lseek_opts = get_lseek_opts(opts)?;
+  let mut argv = prepare_argv(argv)?.into_iter();
+  argv.next(); // drop 'seek'
+
+  let Some(fd) = argv.next() else {
+    return Err(ShErr::simple(
+      ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+      "lseek: Missing required argument 'fd'",
+    ));
+  };
+  let Ok(fd) = fd.0.parse::<u32>() else {
+    return Err(
+      ShErr::at(ShErrKind::ExecFail, fd.1, "Invalid file descriptor")
+        .with_note("file descriptors are integers"),
+    );
+  };
+
+  let Some(offset) = argv.next() else {
+    return Err(ShErr::simple(
+      ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+      "lseek: Missing required argument 'offset'",
+    ));
+  };
+  let Ok(offset) = offset.0.parse::<i64>() else {
+    return Err(
+      ShErr::at(ShErrKind::ExecFail, offset.1, "Invalid offset")
+        .with_note("offset can be a positive or negative integer"),
+    );
+  };
+
+  let whence = if lseek_opts.cursor_rel {
+    Whence::SeekCur
+  } else if lseek_opts.end_rel {
+    Whence::SeekEnd
+  } else {
+    Whence::SeekSet
+  };
+
+  match lseek(fd as i32, offset, whence) {
+    Ok(new_offset) => {
+      let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+      let buf = new_offset.to_string() + "\n";
+      write(stdout, buf.as_bytes())?;
+    }
+    Err(e) => {
+      state::set_status(1);
+      return Err(e.into());
+    }
+  }
+
+  state::set_status(0);
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn get_lseek_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<LseekOpts> {
+  let mut lseek_opts = LseekOpts {
+    cursor_rel: false,
+    end_rel: false,
+  };
+
+  for opt in opts {
+    match opt {
+      Opt::Short('c') => lseek_opts.cursor_rel = true,
+      Opt::Short('e') => lseek_opts.end_rel = true,
+      _ => {
+        return Err(ShErr::simple(
+          ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+          format!("lseek: Unexpected flag '{opt}'"),
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ok(lseek_opts)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_beginning() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "0\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_offset() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_then_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    // Clear the seek output
+    g.read_output();
+
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_cur_relative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abcdefghij\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 3").unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -c 9 4").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "3\n7\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end_negative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 -2").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "4\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_write_overwrite() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    test_input("echo -n 'WORLD' >&9").unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "hello WORLD\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_rewind_full_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abc\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    // Read moves cursor to EOF
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    // Rewind
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+    // Clear output from seek
+    g.read_output();
+    // Read again from beginning
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "abc");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_bad_fd() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 99 0");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_missing_args() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 9");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/source.rs

@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ pub fn source(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 pub mod tests {
   use std::io::Write;
 
-    use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
   use crate::state::{self, read_logic, read_vars};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
 
   #[test]
   fn source_simple() {

src/builtin/test.rs

@@ -94,7 +94,10 @@ impl FromStr for TestOp {
       "-ge" => Ok(Self::IntGe),
       "-le" => Ok(Self::IntLe),
       _ if TEST_UNARY_OPS.contains(&s) => Ok(Self::Unary(s.parse::<UnaryOp>()?)),
-      _ => Err(ShErr::simple(ShErrKind::SyntaxErr, format!("Invalid test operator '{}'", s))),
+      _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
+        ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+        format!("Invalid test operator '{}'", s),
+      )),
     }
   }
 }
@@ -305,10 +308,10 @@ pub fn double_bracket_test(node: Node) -> ShResult<bool> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-  use std::fs;
-  use tempfile::{TempDir, NamedTempFile};
   use crate::state;
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::fs;
+  use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
 
   // ===================== Unary: file tests =====================
 
@@ -590,9 +593,10 @@ mod tests {
   fn parse_unary_ops() {
     use super::UnaryOp;
     use std::str::FromStr;
-    for op in ["-e", "-d", "-f", "-h", "-L", "-r", "-w", "-x", "-s",
+    for op in [
-               "-p", "-S", "-b", "-c", "-k", "-O", "-G", "-N", "-u",
+      "-e", "-d", "-f", "-h", "-L", "-r", "-w", "-x", "-s", "-p", "-S", "-b", "-c", "-k", "-O",
-               "-g", "-t", "-n", "-z"] {
+      "-G", "-N", "-u", "-g", "-t", "-n", "-z",
+    ] {
       assert!(UnaryOp::from_str(op).is_ok(), "failed to parse {op}");
     }
   }

src/builtin/trap.rs

@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ pub fn trap(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::TrapTarget;
-  use std::str::FromStr;
-  use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
   use crate::state::{self, read_logic};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
+  use std::str::FromStr;
 
   // ===================== Pure: TrapTarget parsing =====================
 
@@ -231,7 +231,9 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn display_signal_roundtrip() {
-    for name in &["INT", "QUIT", "TERM", "USR1", "USR2", "ALRM", "CHLD", "WINCH"] {
+    for name in &[
+      "INT", "QUIT", "TERM", "USR1", "USR2", "ALRM", "CHLD", "WINCH",
+    ] {
       let target = TrapTarget::from_str(name).unwrap();
       assert_eq!(target.to_string(), *name);
     }

src/builtin/varcmds.rs

@@ -245,8 +245,16 @@ mod tests {
     test_input("readonly a=1 b=2").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "1");
     assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "2");
-    assert!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("a")).unwrap().contains(VarFlags::READONLY));
+    assert!(
-    assert!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("b")).unwrap().contains(VarFlags::READONLY));
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("a"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::READONLY)
+    );
+    assert!(
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("b"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::READONLY)
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -385,7 +393,11 @@ mod tests {
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
     test_input("local mylocal").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("mylocal")), "");
-    assert!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("mylocal")).unwrap().contains(VarFlags::LOCAL));
+    assert!(
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("mylocal"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::LOCAL)
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]

src/expand.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use std::str::{Chars, FromStr};
 
 use ariadne::Fmt;
 use glob::Pattern;
+use nix::unistd::{Uid, User};
 use regex::Regex;
 
 use crate::libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, ShResultExt, next_color};
@@ -40,18 +41,26 @@ impl Tk {
 }
 
 pub struct Expander {
+  flags: TkFlags,
   raw: String,
 }
 
 impl Expander {
   pub fn new(raw: Tk) -> ShResult<Self> {
-    let raw = raw.span.as_str();
+    let tk_raw = raw.span.as_str();
-    Self::from_raw(raw)
+    Self::from_raw(tk_raw, raw.flags)
   }
-  pub fn from_raw(raw: &str) -> ShResult<Self> {
+  pub fn from_raw(raw: &str, flags: TkFlags) -> ShResult<Self> {
     let raw = expand_braces_full(raw)?.join(" ");
-    let unescaped = unescape_str(&raw);
+    let unescaped = if flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
-    Ok(Self { raw: unescaped })
+      unescape_heredoc(&raw)
+    } else {
+      unescape_str(&raw)
+    };
+    Ok(Self {
+      raw: unescaped,
+      flags,
+    })
   }
   pub fn expand(&mut self) -> ShResult<Vec<String>> {
     let mut chars = self.raw.chars().peekable();
@@ -75,8 +84,12 @@ impl Expander {
       self.raw.insert_str(0, "./");
     }
 
+    if self.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+      Ok(vec![self.raw.clone()])
+    } else {
       Ok(self.split_words())
     }
+  }
   pub fn split_words(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut words = vec![];
     let mut chars = self.raw.chars();
@@ -86,6 +99,11 @@ impl Expander {
 
     'outer: while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
       match ch {
+        markers::ESCAPE => {
+          if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+            cur_word.push(next_ch);
+          }
+        }
         markers::DUB_QUOTE | markers::SNG_QUOTE | markers::SUBSH => {
           while let Some(q_ch) = chars.next() {
             match q_ch {
@@ -456,7 +474,26 @@ pub fn expand_raw(chars: &mut Peekable<Chars<'_>>) -> ShResult<String> {
   while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
     match ch {
       markers::TILDE_SUB => {
-        let home = env::var("HOME").unwrap_or_default();
+				let mut username = String::new();
+				while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch != '/') {
+					let ch = chars.next().unwrap();
+					username.push(ch);
+				}
+				let home = if username.is_empty() {
+					env::var("HOME").unwrap_or_default()
+				}
+				else if let Ok(result) = User::from_name(&username)
+				&& let Some(user) = result {
+					user.dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+				}
+				else if let Ok(id) = username.parse::<u32>()
+				&& let Ok(result) = User::from_uid(Uid::from_raw(id))
+				&& let Some(user) = result {
+					user.dir.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+				}
+				else {
+					format!("~{username}")
+				};
         result.push_str(&home);
       }
       markers::PROC_SUB_OUT => {
@@ -634,8 +671,12 @@ pub fn expand_glob(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
   {
     let entry =
       entry.map_err(|_| ShErr::simple(ShErrKind::SyntaxErr, "Invalid filename found in glob"))?;
+    let entry_raw = entry
+      .to_str()
+      .ok_or_else(|| ShErr::simple(ShErrKind::SyntaxErr, "Non-UTF8 filename found in glob"))?;
+    let escaped = escape_str(entry_raw, true);
 
-    words.push(entry.to_str().unwrap().to_string())
+    words.push(escaped)
   }
   Ok(words.join(" "))
 }
@@ -973,6 +1014,11 @@ pub fn expand_cmd_sub(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
   }
 }
 
+/// Strip ESCAPE markers from a string, leaving the characters they protect intact.
+fn strip_escape_markers(s: &str) -> String {
+  s.replace(markers::ESCAPE, "")
+}
+
 /// Processes strings into intermediate representations that are more readable
 /// by the program
 ///
@@ -989,6 +1035,7 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
       '~' if first_char => result.push(markers::TILDE_SUB),
       '\\' => {
         if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+          result.push(markers::ESCAPE);
           result.push(next_ch)
         }
       }
@@ -1139,6 +1186,25 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
                 }
               }
             }
+            '`' => {
+              result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+              result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+              while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+                match bt_ch {
+                  '\\' => {
+                    result.push(bt_ch);
+                    if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                      result.push(next_ch);
+                    }
+                  }
+                  '`' => {
+                    result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+                    break;
+                  }
+                  _ => result.push(bt_ch),
+                }
+              }
+            }
             '"' => {
               result.push(markers::DUB_QUOTE);
               break;
@@ -1303,6 +1369,25 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
           result.push('$');
         }
       }
+      '`' => {
+        result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+        result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+        while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+          match bt_ch {
+            '\\' => {
+              result.push(bt_ch);
+              if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                result.push(next_ch);
+              }
+            }
+            '`' => {
+              result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+              break;
+            }
+            _ => result.push(bt_ch),
+          }
+        }
+      }
       _ => result.push(ch),
     }
     first_char = false;
@@ -1311,6 +1396,133 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
   result
 }
 
+/// Like unescape_str but for heredoc bodies. Only processes:
+/// - $var / ${var} / $(cmd) substitution markers
+/// - Backslash escapes (only before $, `, \, and newline)
+/// Everything else (quotes, tildes, globs, process subs, etc.) is literal.
+pub fn unescape_heredoc(raw: &str) -> String {
+  let mut chars = raw.chars().peekable();
+  let mut result = String::new();
+
+  while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+    match ch {
+      '\\' => {
+        match chars.peek() {
+          Some('$') | Some('`') | Some('\\') | Some('\n') => {
+            let next_ch = chars.next().unwrap();
+            if next_ch == '\n' {
+              // line continuation — discard both backslash and newline
+              continue;
+            }
+            result.push(markers::ESCAPE);
+            result.push(next_ch);
+          }
+          _ => {
+            // backslash is literal
+            result.push('\\');
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      '$' if chars.peek() == Some(&'(') => {
+        result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+        chars.next(); // consume '('
+        result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+        let mut paren_count = 1;
+        while let Some(subsh_ch) = chars.next() {
+          match subsh_ch {
+            '\\' => {
+              result.push(subsh_ch);
+              if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                result.push(next_ch);
+              }
+            }
+            '(' => {
+              paren_count += 1;
+              result.push(subsh_ch);
+            }
+            ')' => {
+              paren_count -= 1;
+              if paren_count == 0 {
+                result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+                break;
+              } else {
+                result.push(subsh_ch);
+              }
+            }
+            _ => result.push(subsh_ch),
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      '$' => {
+        result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+        if chars.peek() == Some(&'$') {
+          chars.next();
+          result.push('$');
+        }
+      }
+      '`' => {
+        result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+        result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+        while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+          match bt_ch {
+            '\\' => {
+              result.push(bt_ch);
+              if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                result.push(next_ch);
+              }
+            }
+            '`' => {
+              result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+              break;
+            }
+            _ => result.push(bt_ch),
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      _ => result.push(ch),
+    }
+  }
+
+  result
+}
+
+/// Opposite of unescape_str - escapes a string to be executed as literal text
+/// Used for completion results, and glob filename matches.
+pub fn escape_str(raw: &str, use_marker: bool) -> String {
+  let mut result = String::new();
+  let mut chars = raw.chars();
+
+  while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+    match ch {
+      '\'' | '"' | '\\' | '|' | '&' | ';' | '(' | ')' | '<' | '>' | '$' | '*' | '!' | '`' | '{'
+      | '?' | '[' | '#' | ' ' | '\t' | '\n' => {
+        if use_marker {
+          result.push(markers::ESCAPE);
+        } else {
+          result.push('\\');
+        }
+        result.push(ch);
+        continue;
+      }
+      '~' if result.is_empty() => {
+        if use_marker {
+          result.push(markers::ESCAPE);
+        } else {
+          result.push('\\');
+        }
+        result.push(ch);
+        continue;
+      }
+      _ => {
+        result.push(ch);
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  result
+}
+
 pub fn unescape_math(raw: &str) -> String {
   let mut chars = raw.chars().peekable();
   let mut result = String::new();
@@ -1588,7 +1800,8 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
       ParamExp::RemShortestPrefix(prefix) => {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let unescaped = unescape_str(&prefix);
-        let expanded = expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(prefix);
+        let expanded =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(prefix));
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded).unwrap();
         for i in 0..=value.len() {
           let sliced = &value[..i];
@@ -1601,7 +1814,8 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
       ParamExp::RemLongestPrefix(prefix) => {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let unescaped = unescape_str(&prefix);
-        let expanded = expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(prefix);
+        let expanded =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(prefix));
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded).unwrap();
         for i in (0..=value.len()).rev() {
           let sliced = &value[..i];
@@ -1614,7 +1828,8 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
       ParamExp::RemShortestSuffix(suffix) => {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let unescaped = unescape_str(&suffix);
-        let expanded = expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(suffix);
+        let expanded =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(suffix));
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded).unwrap();
         for i in (0..=value.len()).rev() {
           let sliced = &value[i..];
@@ -1627,8 +1842,9 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
       ParamExp::RemLongestSuffix(suffix) => {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let unescaped = unescape_str(&suffix);
-        let expanded_suffix =
+        let expanded_suffix = strip_escape_markers(
-          expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(suffix.clone());
+          &expand_raw(&mut unescaped.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(suffix.clone()),
+        );
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded_suffix).unwrap();
         for i in 0..=value.len() {
           let sliced = &value[i..];
@@ -1642,8 +1858,10 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let search = unescape_str(&search);
         let replace = unescape_str(&replace);
-        let expanded_search = expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search);
+        let expanded_search =
-        let expanded_replace = expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace);
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search));
+        let expanded_replace =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace));
         let regex = glob_to_regex(&expanded_search, false); // unanchored pattern
 
         if let Some(mat) = regex.find(&value) {
@@ -1659,8 +1877,10 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let search = unescape_str(&search);
         let replace = unescape_str(&replace);
-        let expanded_search = expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search);
+        let expanded_search =
-        let expanded_replace = expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace);
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search));
+        let expanded_replace =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace));
         let regex = glob_to_regex(&expanded_search, false);
         let mut result = String::new();
         let mut last_match_end = 0;
@@ -1679,8 +1899,10 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let search = unescape_str(&search);
         let replace = unescape_str(&replace);
-        let expanded_search = expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search);
+        let expanded_search =
-        let expanded_replace = expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace);
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search));
+        let expanded_replace =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace));
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded_search).unwrap();
         for i in (0..=value.len()).rev() {
           let sliced = &value[..i];
@@ -1694,8 +1916,10 @@ pub fn perform_param_expansion(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
         let value = vars.get_var(&var_name);
         let search = unescape_str(&search);
         let replace = unescape_str(&replace);
-        let expanded_search = expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search);
+        let expanded_search =
-        let expanded_replace = expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace);
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut search.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(search));
+        let expanded_replace =
+          strip_escape_markers(&expand_raw(&mut replace.chars().peekable()).unwrap_or(replace));
         let pattern = Pattern::new(&expanded_search).unwrap();
         for i in (0..=value.len()).rev() {
           let sliced = &value[i..];
@@ -1740,6 +1964,11 @@ pub fn expand_case_pattern(raw: &str) -> ShResult<String> {
       markers::DUB_QUOTE | markers::SNG_QUOTE => {
         in_quote = !in_quote;
       }
+      markers::ESCAPE => {
+        if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+          result.push(next_ch);
+        }
+      }
       '*' | '?' | '[' | ']' if in_quote => {
         result.push('\\');
         result.push(ch);
@@ -2381,11 +2610,11 @@ pub fn parse_key_alias(alias: &str) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::*;
-  use std::time::Duration;
-  use crate::readline::keys::{KeyCode, KeyEvent, ModKeys};
-  use crate::state::{write_vars, read_vars, ArrIndex, VarKind, VarFlags};
   use crate::parse::lex::Span;
+  use crate::readline::keys::{KeyCode, KeyEvent, ModKeys};
+  use crate::state::{ArrIndex, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
   use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::time::Duration;
 
   // ===================== has_braces =====================
 
@@ -2525,10 +2754,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn braces_simple_list() {
-    assert_eq!(
+    assert_eq!(expand_braces_full("{a,b,c}").unwrap(), vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
-      expand_braces_full("{a,b,c}").unwrap(),
-      vec!["a", "b", "c"]
-    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -2617,7 +2843,19 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn braces_cursed() {
     let result = expand_braces_full("foo{a,{1,2,3,{1..4},5},c}{5..1}bar").unwrap();
-		assert_eq!(result, vec![ "fooa5bar", "fooa4bar", "fooa3bar", "fooa2bar", "fooa1bar", "foo15bar", "foo14bar", "foo13bar", "foo12bar", "foo11bar", "foo25bar", "foo24bar", "foo23bar", "foo22bar", "foo21bar", "foo35bar", "foo34bar", "foo33bar", "foo32bar", "foo31bar", "foo15bar", "foo14bar", "foo13bar", "foo12bar", "foo11bar", "foo25bar", "foo24bar", "foo23bar", "foo22bar", "foo21bar", "foo35bar", "foo34bar", "foo33bar", "foo32bar", "foo31bar", "foo45bar", "foo44bar", "foo43bar", "foo42bar", "foo41bar", "foo55bar", "foo54bar", "foo53bar", "foo52bar", "foo51bar", "fooc5bar", "fooc4bar", "fooc3bar", "fooc2bar", "fooc1bar", ])
+    assert_eq!(
+      result,
+      vec![
+        "fooa5bar", "fooa4bar", "fooa3bar", "fooa2bar", "fooa1bar", "foo15bar", "foo14bar",
+        "foo13bar", "foo12bar", "foo11bar", "foo25bar", "foo24bar", "foo23bar", "foo22bar",
+        "foo21bar", "foo35bar", "foo34bar", "foo33bar", "foo32bar", "foo31bar", "foo15bar",
+        "foo14bar", "foo13bar", "foo12bar", "foo11bar", "foo25bar", "foo24bar", "foo23bar",
+        "foo22bar", "foo21bar", "foo35bar", "foo34bar", "foo33bar", "foo32bar", "foo31bar",
+        "foo45bar", "foo44bar", "foo43bar", "foo42bar", "foo41bar", "foo55bar", "foo54bar",
+        "foo53bar", "foo52bar", "foo51bar", "fooc5bar", "fooc4bar", "fooc3bar", "fooc2bar",
+        "fooc1bar",
+      ]
+    )
   }
 
   // ===================== Arithmetic =====================
@@ -2858,7 +3096,8 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn unescape_backslash() {
     let result = unescape_str("hello\\nworld");
-    assert_eq!(result, "hellonworld");
+    let expected = format!("hello{}nworld", markers::ESCAPE);
+    assert_eq!(result, expected);
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -3089,10 +3328,22 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn key_alias_arrows() {
-    assert_eq!(parse_key_alias("UP").unwrap(), KeyEvent(KeyCode::Up, ModKeys::NONE));
+    assert_eq!(
-    assert_eq!(parse_key_alias("DOWN").unwrap(), KeyEvent(KeyCode::Down, ModKeys::NONE));
+      parse_key_alias("UP").unwrap(),
-    assert_eq!(parse_key_alias("LEFT").unwrap(), KeyEvent(KeyCode::Left, ModKeys::NONE));
+      KeyEvent(KeyCode::Up, ModKeys::NONE)
-    assert_eq!(parse_key_alias("RIGHT").unwrap(), KeyEvent(KeyCode::Right, ModKeys::NONE));
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse_key_alias("DOWN").unwrap(),
+      KeyEvent(KeyCode::Down, ModKeys::NONE)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse_key_alias("LEFT").unwrap(),
+      KeyEvent(KeyCode::Left, ModKeys::NONE)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      parse_key_alias("RIGHT").unwrap(),
+      KeyEvent(KeyCode::Right, ModKeys::NONE)
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -3104,7 +3355,13 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn key_alias_ctrl_shift_alt_modifier() {
     let key = parse_key_alias("C-S-A-b").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(key, KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('B'), ModKeys::CTRL | ModKeys::SHIFT | ModKeys::ALT));
+    assert_eq!(
+      key,
+      KeyEvent(
+        KeyCode::Char('B'),
+        ModKeys::CTRL | ModKeys::SHIFT | ModKeys::ALT
+      )
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -3296,7 +3553,14 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn param_remove_shortest_prefix() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
-    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("PATH", VarKind::Str("/usr/local/bin".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "PATH",
+        VarKind::Str("/usr/local/bin".into()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let result = perform_param_expansion("PATH#*/").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result, "usr/local/bin");
@@ -3305,7 +3569,14 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn param_remove_longest_prefix() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
-    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("PATH", VarKind::Str("/usr/local/bin".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "PATH",
+        VarKind::Str("/usr/local/bin".into()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let result = perform_param_expansion("PATH##*/").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result, "bin");
@@ -3419,7 +3690,10 @@ mod tests {
   fn word_split_default_ifs() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
 
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw: "hello world\tfoo".to_string() };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw: "hello world\tfoo".to_string(),
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello", "world", "foo"]);
   }
@@ -3427,9 +3701,14 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn word_split_custom_ifs() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
-    unsafe { std::env::set_var("IFS", ":"); }
+    unsafe {
+      std::env::set_var("IFS", ":");
+    }
 
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw: "a:b:c".to_string() };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw: "a:b:c".to_string(),
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
   }
@@ -3437,9 +3716,14 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn word_split_empty_ifs() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
-    unsafe { std::env::set_var("IFS", ""); }
+    unsafe {
+      std::env::set_var("IFS", "");
+    }
 
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw: "hello world".to_string() };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw: "hello world".to_string(),
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
   }
@@ -3449,11 +3733,82 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
 
     let raw = format!("{}hello world{}", markers::DUB_QUOTE, markers::DUB_QUOTE);
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw,
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
   }
 
+  // ===================== Escaped Word Splitting =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn word_split_escaped_space() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let raw = format!("hello{}world", unescape_str("\\ "));
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw,
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
+    let words = exp.split_words();
+    assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn word_split_escaped_tab() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let raw = format!("hello{}world", unescape_str("\\\t"));
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw,
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
+    let words = exp.split_words();
+    assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello\tworld"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn word_split_escaped_custom_ifs() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    unsafe {
+      std::env::set_var("IFS", ":");
+    }
+
+    let raw = format!("a{}b:c", unescape_str("\\:"));
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+      raw,
+      flags: TkFlags::empty(),
+    };
+    let words = exp.split_words();
+    assert_eq!(words, vec!["a:b", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Parameter Expansion with Escapes (TestGuard) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn param_exp_prefix_removal_escaped() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("branch", VarKind::Str("## main".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+
+    test_input("echo \"${branch#\\#\\# }\"").unwrap();
+
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "main\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn param_exp_suffix_removal_escaped() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("val", VarKind::Str("hello world!!".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+
+    test_input("echo \"${val%\\!\\!}\"").unwrap();
+
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello world\n");
+  }
+
   // ===================== Arithmetic with Variables (TestGuard) =====================
 
   #[test]
@@ -3478,8 +3833,13 @@ mod tests {
   fn array_index_first() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     write_vars(|v| {
-      v.set_var("arr", VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]), VarFlags::NONE)
+      v.set_var(
-    }).unwrap();
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let val = read_vars(|v| v.index_var("arr", ArrIndex::Literal(0))).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(val, "a");
@@ -3489,8 +3849,13 @@ mod tests {
   fn array_index_second() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     write_vars(|v| {
-      v.set_var("arr", VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["x".into(), "y".into(), "z".into()]), VarFlags::NONE)
+      v.set_var(
-    }).unwrap();
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["x".into(), "y".into(), "z".into()]),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let val = read_vars(|v| v.index_var("arr", ArrIndex::Literal(1))).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(val, "y");
@@ -3500,8 +3865,13 @@ mod tests {
   fn array_all_elems() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     write_vars(|v| {
-      v.set_var("arr", VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]), VarFlags::NONE)
+      v.set_var(
-    }).unwrap();
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let elems = read_vars(|v| v.get_arr_elems("arr")).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(elems, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
@@ -3511,8 +3881,13 @@ mod tests {
   fn array_elem_count() {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     write_vars(|v| {
-      v.set_var("arr", VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]), VarFlags::NONE)
+      v.set_var(
-    }).unwrap();
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::arr_from_vec(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     let elems = read_vars(|v| v.get_arr_elems("arr")).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(elems.len(), 3);
@@ -3525,7 +3900,9 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     let dummy_span = Span::default();
     crate::state::SHED.with(|s| {
-      s.logic.borrow_mut().insert_alias("ll", "ls -la", dummy_span.clone());
+      s.logic
+        .borrow_mut()
+        .insert_alias("ll", "ls -la", dummy_span.clone());
     });
 
     let log_tab = crate::state::SHED.with(|s| s.logic.borrow().clone());
@@ -3538,7 +3915,9 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
     let dummy_span = Span::default();
     crate::state::SHED.with(|s| {
-      s.logic.borrow_mut().insert_alias("foo", "foo --verbose", dummy_span.clone());
+      s.logic
+        .borrow_mut()
+        .insert_alias("foo", "foo --verbose", dummy_span.clone());
     });
 
     let log_tab = crate::state::SHED.with(|s| s.logic.borrow().clone());
@@ -3553,7 +3932,14 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn index_simple() {
     let guard = TestGuard::new();
-		write_vars(|v| v.set_var("arr", VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["foo".into(), "bar".into(), "biz".into()])), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["foo".into(), "bar".into(), "biz".into()])),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     test_input("echo $arr").unwrap();
 
@@ -3564,8 +3950,22 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn index_cursed() {
     let guard = TestGuard::new();
-		write_vars(|v| v.set_var("arr", VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["foo".into(), "bar".into(), "biz".into()])), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| {
-		write_vars(|v| v.set_var("i", VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["0".into(), "1".into(), "2".into()])), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+      v.set_var(
+        "arr",
+        VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["foo".into(), "bar".into(), "biz".into()])),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "i",
+        VarKind::Arr(VecDeque::from(["0".into(), "1".into(), "2".into()])),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })
+    .unwrap();
 
     test_input("echo $echo ${var:-${arr[$(($(echo ${i[0]}) + 1))]}}").unwrap();
 

src/getopt.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use ariadne::Fmt;
 use fmt::Display;
 
-use crate::{libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, next_color}, parse::lex::Tk, prelude::*};
+use crate::{
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, next_color},
+  parse::lex::Tk,
+  prelude::*,
+};
 
 pub type OptSet = Arc<[Opt]>;
 
@@ -82,17 +86,23 @@ pub fn get_opts_from_tokens(
   sort_tks(tokens, opt_specs, false)
 }
 
-pub fn sort_tks(tokens: Vec<Tk>, opt_specs: &[OptSpec], strict: bool) -> ShResult<(Vec<Tk>, Vec<Opt>)> {
+pub fn sort_tks(
+  tokens: Vec<Tk>,
+  opt_specs: &[OptSpec],
+  strict: bool,
+) -> ShResult<(Vec<Tk>, Vec<Opt>)> {
   let mut tokens_iter = tokens
     .into_iter()
     .map(|t| t.expand())
     .collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>()?
-    .into_iter();
+    .into_iter()
+    .peekable();
   let mut opts = vec![];
   let mut non_opts = vec![];
 
   while let Some(token) = tokens_iter.next() {
     if &token.to_string() == "--" {
+      non_opts.push(token);
       non_opts.extend(tokens_iter);
       break;
     }
@@ -140,12 +150,11 @@ pub fn sort_tks(tokens: Vec<Tk>, opt_specs: &[OptSpec], strict: bool) -> ShResul
   Ok((non_opts, opts))
 }
 
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use crate::parse::lex::{LexFlags, LexStream};
 
-use super::*;
+  use super::*;
 
   #[test]
   fn parse_short_single() {
@@ -156,7 +165,10 @@ use super::*;
   #[test]
   fn parse_short_combined() {
     let opts = Opt::parse("-abc");
-    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -173,7 +185,12 @@ use super::*;
 
   #[test]
   fn get_opts_basic() {
-    let words = vec!["file.txt".into(), "-v".into(), "--help".into(), "arg".into()];
+    let words = vec![
+      "file.txt".into(),
+      "-v".into(),
+      "--help".into(),
+      "arg".into(),
+    ];
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
     assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["file.txt", "arg"]);
     assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('v'), Opt::Long("help".into())]);
@@ -191,7 +208,10 @@ use super::*;
   fn get_opts_combined_short() {
     let words = vec!["-abc".into(), "file".into()];
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
-    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
     assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["file"]);
   }
 
@@ -215,7 +235,10 @@ use super::*;
     assert_eq!(Opt::Short('v').to_string(), "-v");
     assert_eq!(Opt::Long("help".into()).to_string(), "--help");
     assert_eq!(Opt::ShortWithArg('o', "file".into()).to_string(), "-o file");
-    assert_eq!(Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "file".into()).to_string(), "--output file");
+    assert_eq!(
+      Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "file".into()).to_string(),
+      "--output file"
+    );
   }
 
   fn lex(input: &str) -> Vec<Tk> {
@@ -229,8 +252,14 @@ use super::*;
     let tokens = lex("file.txt --help -v arg");
 
     let opt_spec = vec![
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('v'), takes_arg: false },
+      OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Long("help".into()), takes_arg: false },
+        opt: Opt::Short('v'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Long("help".into()),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
     ];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
@@ -248,9 +277,10 @@ use super::*;
   fn tks_short_with_arg() {
     let tokens = lex("-o output.txt file.txt");
 
-		let opt_spec = vec![
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('o'), takes_arg: true },
+      opt: Opt::Short('o'),
-		];
+      takes_arg: true,
+    }];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
 
@@ -263,13 +293,17 @@ use super::*;
   fn tks_long_with_arg() {
     let tokens = lex("--output result.txt input.txt");
 
-		let opt_spec = vec![
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Long("output".into()), takes_arg: true },
+      opt: Opt::Long("output".into()),
-		];
+      takes_arg: true,
+    }];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
 
-		assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "result.txt".into())]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "result.txt".into())]
+    );
     let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
     assert!(non_opts.contains(&"input.txt".to_string()));
   }
@@ -279,8 +313,14 @@ use super::*;
     let tokens = lex("-v -- -a --foo");
 
     let opt_spec = vec![
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('v'), takes_arg: false },
+      OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('a'), takes_arg: false },
+        opt: Opt::Short('v'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('a'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
     ];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
@@ -296,29 +336,47 @@ use super::*;
     let tokens = lex("-abc");
 
     let opt_spec = vec![
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('a'), takes_arg: false },
+      OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('b'), takes_arg: false },
+        opt: Opt::Short('a'),
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('c'), takes_arg: false },
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('b'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('c'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
     ];
 
     let (_non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
 
-		assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]);
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
   fn tks_unknown_opt_becomes_non_opt() {
     let tokens = lex("-v -x file");
 
-		let opt_spec = vec![
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('v'), takes_arg: false },
+      opt: Opt::Short('v'),
-		];
+      takes_arg: false,
+    }];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('v')]);
     // -x is not in spec, so its token goes to non_opts
-		assert!(non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).any(|s| s == "-x" || s == "file"));
+    assert!(
+      non_opts
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        .any(|s| s == "-x" || s == "file")
+    );
   }
 
   #[test]
@@ -326,16 +384,25 @@ use super::*;
     let tokens = lex("-n 5 --output file.txt input");
 
     let opt_spec = vec![
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Short('n'), takes_arg: true },
+      OptSpec {
-			OptSpec { opt: Opt::Long("output".into()), takes_arg: true },
+        opt: Opt::Short('n'),
+        takes_arg: true,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Long("output".into()),
+        takes_arg: true,
+      },
     ];
 
     let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
 
-		assert_eq!(opts, vec![
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![
         Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "5".into()),
         Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "file.txt".into()),
-		]);
+      ]
+    );
     let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
     assert!(non_opts.contains(&"input".to_string()));
   }

src/libsh/error.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use ariadne::{Color, Fmt};
 use ariadne::{Report, ReportKind};
 use rand::TryRng;
-use yansi::Paint;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use yansi::Paint;
 
 use crate::procio::RedirGuard;
 use crate::{
@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ impl ShErr {
   pub fn is_flow_control(&self) -> bool {
     self.kind.is_flow_control()
   }
+  /// Promotes a shell error from a simple error to an error that blames a span
   pub fn promote(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
     if self.notes.is_empty() {
       return self;
@@ -208,6 +209,8 @@ impl ShErr {
     let first = self.notes[0].clone();
     if self.notes.len() > 1 {
       self.notes = self.notes[1..].to_vec();
+    } else {
+      self.notes = vec![];
     }
 
     self.labeled(span, first)

src/libsh/guards.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::os::fd::{BorrowedFd, RawFd};
 
 use nix::sys::termios::{self, LocalFlags, Termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr};
-use nix::unistd::isatty;
+use nix::unistd::{isatty, write};
 use scopeguard::guard;
 
 thread_local! {
@@ -147,11 +147,10 @@ impl RawModeGuard {
     let orig = ORIG_TERMIOS
       .with(|cell| cell.borrow().clone())
       .expect("with_cooked_mode called before raw_mode()");
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig)
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig).ok();
-      .expect("Failed to restore cooked mode");
     let res = f();
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current)
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current).ok();
-      .expect("Failed to restore raw mode");
+    unsafe { write(BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(*TTY_FILENO), b"\x1b[?1l\x1b>").ok() };
     res
   }
 }
@@ -159,11 +158,12 @@ impl RawModeGuard {
 impl Drop for RawModeGuard {
   fn drop(&mut self) {
     unsafe {
-      let _ = termios::tcsetattr(
+      termios::tcsetattr(
         BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.fd),
         termios::SetArg::TCSANOW,
         &self.orig,
-      );
+      )
+      .ok();
     }
   }
 }

src/libsh/sys.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@ use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
 pub static TTY_FILENO: LazyLock<RawFd> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-  open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty")
+  let fd = open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty");
+  // Move the tty fd above the user-accessible range so that
+  // `exec 3>&-` and friends don't collide with shell internals.
+  let high =
+    fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD)).expect("Failed to dup /dev/tty high");
+  close(fd).ok();
+  high
 });

src/main.rs

@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ use crate::procio::borrow_fd;
 use crate::readline::term::{LineWriter, RawModeGuard, raw_mode};
 use crate::readline::{Prompt, ReadlineEvent, ShedVi};
 use crate::signal::{GOT_SIGWINCH, JOB_DONE, QUIT_CODE, check_signals, sig_setup, signals_pending};
-use crate::state::{AutoCmdKind, read_logic, read_shopts, source_rc, write_jobs, write_meta};
+use crate::state::{
+  AutoCmdKind, read_logic, read_shopts, source_rc, write_jobs, write_meta, write_shopts,
+};
 use clap::Parser;
-use state::{read_vars, write_vars};
+use state::write_vars;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct ShedArgs {
@@ -63,20 +65,6 @@ struct ShedArgs {
   login_shell: bool,
 }
 
-/// Force evaluation of lazily-initialized values early in shell startup.
-///
-/// In particular, this ensures that the variable table is initialized, which
-/// populates environment variables from the system. If this initialization is
-/// deferred too long, features like prompt expansion may fail due to missing
-/// environment variables.
-///
-/// This function triggers initialization by calling `read_vars` with a no-op
-/// closure, which forces access to the variable table and causes its `LazyLock`
-/// constructor to run.
-fn kickstart_lazy_evals() {
-  read_vars(|_| {});
-}
-
 /// We need to make sure that even if we panic, our child processes get sighup
 fn setup_panic_handler() {
   let default_panic_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
@@ -111,7 +99,6 @@ fn setup_panic_handler() {
 fn main() -> ExitCode {
   yansi::enable();
   env_logger::init();
-  kickstart_lazy_evals();
   setup_panic_handler();
 
   let mut args = ShedArgs::parse();
@@ -130,6 +117,16 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
     return ExitCode::SUCCESS;
   }
 
+  // Increment SHLVL, or set to 1 if not present or invalid.
+  // This var represents how many nested shell instances we're in
+  if let Ok(var) = env::var("SHLVL")
+    && let Ok(lvl) = var.parse::<u32>()
+  {
+    unsafe { env::set_var("SHLVL", (lvl + 1).to_string()) };
+  } else {
+    unsafe { env::set_var("SHLVL", "1") };
+  }
+
   if let Err(e) = if let Some(path) = args.script {
     run_script(path, args.script_args)
   } else if let Some(cmd) = args.command {
@@ -255,14 +252,38 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
       PollFlags::POLLIN,
     )];
 
+    let mut exec_if_timeout = None;
+
     let timeout = if readline.pending_keymap.is_empty() {
+      let screensaver_cmd = read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.screensaver_cmd.clone());
+      let screensaver_idle_time = read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.screensaver_idle_time);
+      if screensaver_idle_time > 0 && !screensaver_cmd.is_empty() {
+        exec_if_timeout = Some(screensaver_cmd);
+        PollTimeout::from((screensaver_idle_time * 1000) as u16)
+      } else {
         PollTimeout::MAX
+      }
     } else {
       PollTimeout::from(1000u16)
     };
 
     match poll(&mut fds, timeout) {
-      Ok(_) => {}
+      Ok(0) => {
+        // We timed out.
+        if let Some(cmd) = exec_if_timeout {
+          let prepared = ReadlineEvent::Line(cmd);
+          let saved_hist_opt = read_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist);
+          let _guard = scopeguard::guard(saved_hist_opt, |opt| {
+            write_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist = opt);
+          });
+          write_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist = false); // don't save screensaver command to history
+
+          match handle_readline_event(&mut readline, Ok(prepared))? {
+            true => return Ok(()),
+            false => continue,
+          }
+        }
+      }
       Err(Errno::EINTR) => {
         // Interrupted by signal, loop back to handle it
         continue;
@@ -271,6 +292,7 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
         eprintln!("poll error: {e}");
         break;
       }
+      Ok(_) => {}
     }
 
     // Timeout — resolve pending keymap ambiguity

src/parse/execute.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,29 @@ use ariadne::Fmt;
 
 use crate::{
   builtin::{
-    alias::{alias, unalias}, arrops::{arr_fpop, arr_fpush, arr_pop, arr_push, arr_rotate}, autocmd::autocmd, cd::cd, complete::{compgen_builtin, complete_builtin}, dirstack::{dirs, popd, pushd}, echo::echo, eval, exec, flowctl::flowctl, getopts::getopts, intro, jobctl::{self, JobBehavior, continue_job, disown, jobs}, keymap, map, pwd::pwd, read::{self, read_builtin}, resource::{ulimit, umask_builtin}, shift::shift, shopt::shopt, source::source, test::double_bracket_test, trap::{TrapTarget, trap}, varcmds::{export, local, readonly, unset}
+    alias::{alias, unalias},
+    arrops::{arr_fpop, arr_fpush, arr_pop, arr_push, arr_rotate},
+    autocmd::autocmd,
+    cd::cd,
+    complete::{compgen_builtin, complete_builtin},
+    dirstack::{dirs, popd, pushd},
+    echo::echo,
+    eval, exec,
+    flowctl::flowctl,
+    getopts::getopts,
+    intro,
+    jobctl::{self, JobBehavior, continue_job, disown, jobs},
+    keymap, map,
+    pwd::pwd,
+    read::{self, read_builtin},
+    resource::{ulimit, umask_builtin},
+    seek::seek,
+    shift::shift,
+    shopt::shopt,
+    source::source,
+    test::double_bracket_test,
+    trap::{TrapTarget, trap},
+    varcmds::{export, local, readonly, unset},
   },
   expand::{expand_aliases, expand_case_pattern, glob_to_regex},
   jobs::{ChildProc, JobStack, attach_tty, dispatch_job},
@@ -136,10 +158,15 @@ pub fn exec_dash_c(input: String) -> ShResult<()> {
   if nodes.len() == 1 {
     let is_single_cmd = match &nodes[0].class {
       NdRule::Command { .. } => true,
-      NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. }),
+      NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => {
+        cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. })
+      }
       NdRule::Conjunction { elements } => {
-        elements.len() == 1 && match &elements[0].cmd.class {
+        elements.len() == 1
-          NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. }),
+          && match &elements[0].cmd.class {
+            NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => {
+              cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. })
+            }
             NdRule::Command { .. } => true,
             _ => false,
           }
@@ -151,8 +178,12 @@ pub fn exec_dash_c(input: String) -> ShResult<()> {
       let mut node = nodes.remove(0);
       loop {
         match node.class {
-          NdRule::Conjunction { mut elements } => { node = *elements.remove(0).cmd; }
+          NdRule::Conjunction { mut elements } => {
-          NdRule::Pipeline { mut cmds } => { node = cmds.remove(0); }
+            node = *elements.remove(0).cmd;
+          }
+          NdRule::Pipeline { mut cmds } => {
+            node = cmds.remove(0);
+          }
           NdRule::Command { .. } => break,
           _ => break,
         }
@@ -250,6 +281,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       NdRule::CaseNode { .. } => self.exec_case(node)?,
       NdRule::BraceGrp { .. } => self.exec_brc_grp(node)?,
       NdRule::FuncDef { .. } => self.exec_func_def(node)?,
+      NdRule::Negate { .. } => self.exec_negated(node)?,
       NdRule::Command { .. } => self.dispatch_cmd(node)?,
       NdRule::Test { .. } => self.exec_test(node)?,
       _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -257,6 +289,15 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     Ok(())
   }
   pub fn dispatch_cmd(&mut self, node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+    let (line, _) = node.get_span().clone().line_and_col();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "LINENO",
+        VarKind::Str((line + 1).to_string()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })?;
+
     let Some(cmd) = node.get_command() else {
       return self.exec_cmd(node); // Argv is empty, probably an assignment
     };
@@ -284,30 +325,35 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       self.exec_cmd(node)
     }
   }
+  pub fn exec_negated(&mut self, node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+    let NdRule::Negate { cmd } = node.class else {
+      unreachable!()
+    };
+    self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+    let status = state::get_status();
+    state::set_status(if status == 0 { 1 } else { 0 });
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
   pub fn exec_conjunction(&mut self, conjunction: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     let NdRule::Conjunction { elements } = conjunction.class else {
       unreachable!()
     };
 
     let mut elem_iter = elements.into_iter();
+    let mut skip = false;
     while let Some(element) = elem_iter.next() {
       let ConjunctNode { cmd, operator } = element;
+      if !skip {
         self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+      }
 
       let status = state::get_status();
-      match operator {
+      skip = match operator {
-        ConjunctOp::And => {
+        ConjunctOp::And => status != 0,
-          if status != 0 {
+        ConjunctOp::Or => status == 0,
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        ConjunctOp::Or => {
-          if status == 0 {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
         ConjunctOp::Null => break,
-      }
+      };
     }
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -327,7 +373,11 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     };
     let body_span = body.get_span();
     let body = body_span.as_str().to_string();
-    let name = name.span.as_str().strip_suffix("()").unwrap();
+    let name = name
+      .span
+      .as_str()
+      .strip_suffix("()")
+      .unwrap_or(name.span.as_str());
 
     if KEYWORDS.contains(&name) {
       return Err(ShErr::at(
@@ -578,6 +628,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
             }
           }
         } else {
+          state::set_status(0);
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -714,10 +765,14 @@ impl Dispatcher {
         }
       }
 
-      if !matched && !else_block.is_empty() {
+      if !matched {
+        if !else_block.is_empty() {
           for node in else_block {
             s.dispatch_node(node)?;
           }
+        } else {
+          state::set_status(0);
+        }
       }
 
       Ok(())
@@ -749,7 +804,18 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     if cmds.len() == 1 {
       self.fg_job = !is_bg && self.interactive;
       let cmd = cmds.into_iter().next().unwrap();
+      if is_bg && !matches!(cmd.class, NdRule::Command { .. }) {
+        self.run_fork(
+          &cmd.get_command().map(|t| t.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+          |s| {
+            if let Err(e) = s.dispatch_node(cmd) {
+              e.print_error();
+            }
+          },
+        )?;
+      } else {
         self.dispatch_node(cmd)?;
+      }
 
       // Give the pipeline terminal control as soon as the first child
       // establishes the PGID, so later children (e.g. nvim) don't get
@@ -822,7 +888,10 @@ impl Dispatcher {
 
     if fork_builtins {
       log::trace!("Forking builtin: {}", cmd_raw);
-      let _guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+      let guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+      if cmd_raw.as_str() == "exec" {
+        guard.persist();
+      }
       self.run_fork(&cmd_raw, |s| {
         if let Err(e) = s.dispatch_builtin(cmd) {
           e.print_error();
@@ -947,6 +1016,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       "autocmd" => autocmd(cmd),
       "ulimit" => ulimit(cmd),
       "umask" => umask_builtin(cmd),
+      "seek" => seek(cmd),
       "true" | ":" => {
         state::set_status(0);
         Ok(())
@@ -1084,6 +1154,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     match unsafe { fork()? } {
       ForkResult::Child => {
         let _ = setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), existing_pgid.unwrap_or(Pid::from_raw(0)));
+        self.interactive = false;
         f(self);
         exit(state::get_status())
       }
@@ -1195,3 +1266,202 @@ pub fn is_func(tk: Option<Tk>) -> bool {
 pub fn is_subsh(tk: Option<Tk>) -> bool {
   tk.is_some_and(|tk| tk.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_SUBSH))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== while/until status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_loop_status_zero_after_completion() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("while false; do :; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_loop_status_zero_after_iterations() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=0; while [[ $X -lt 3 ]]; do X=$((X+1)); done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn until_loop_status_zero_after_completion() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("until true; do :; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn until_loop_status_zero_after_iterations() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=3; until [[ $X -le 0 ]]; do X=$((X-1)); done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_break_preserves_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("while true; do break; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_body_status_propagates() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=0; while [[ $X -lt 1 ]]; do X=$((X+1)); false; done").unwrap();
+    // Loop body ended with `false` (status 1), but the loop itself
+    // completed normally when the condition failed, so status should be 0
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== if/elif/else status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_true_body_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if true; then echo ok; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_false_no_else_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if false; then echo ok; fi").unwrap();
+    // No branch taken, POSIX says status is 0
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_else_branch_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if false; then true; else false; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== for loop status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_empty_list_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for x in; do echo $x; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_body_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for x in a b c; do true; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== case status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn case_match_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("case foo in foo) true;; esac").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn case_no_match_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("case foo in bar) true;; esac").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== other stuff =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_var_zip() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for a b in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do echo $a $b; done").unwrap();
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "1 2\n3 4\n5 6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_unsets_zipped() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for a b c d in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do echo $a $b $c $d; done").unwrap();
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "1 2 3 4\n5 6\n");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== negation (!) status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn double_negate_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! ! true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn double_negate_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! ! false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_pipeline_last_cmd() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // pipeline status = last cmd (false) = 1, negated → 0
+    test_input("! true | false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_pipeline_last_cmd_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // pipeline status = last cmd (true) = 0, negated → 1
+    test_input("! false | true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_in_conjunction() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // ! binds to pipeline, not conjunction: (! (true && false)) && true
+    test_input("! (true && false) && true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_in_if_condition() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if ! false; then echo yes; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "yes\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn empty_var_in_test() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // POSIX specifies that a quoted unset variable expands to an empty string, so the shell actually sees `[ -n "" ]`, which returns false
+    test_input("[ -n \"$EMPTYVAR_PROBABLY_NOT_SET_TO_ANYTHING\" ]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+    // Without quotes, word splitting causes an empty var to be removed entirely, so the shell actually sees `[ -n ]`, testing the value of ']', which returns true
+    test_input("[ -n $EMPTYVAR_PROBABLY_NOT_SET_TO_ANYTHING ]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/parse/lex.rs

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ use crate::{
   },
 };
 
-pub const KEYWORDS: [&str; 16] = [
+pub const KEYWORDS: [&str; 17] = [
   "if", "then", "elif", "else", "fi", "while", "until", "select", "for", "in", "do", "done",
-  "case", "esac", "[[", "]]",
+  "case", "esac", "[[", "]]", "!",
 ];
 
 pub const OPENERS: [&str; 6] = ["if", "while", "until", "for", "select", "case"];
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ pub enum TkRule {
   ErrPipe,
   And,
   Or,
+  Bang,
   Bg,
   Sep,
   Redir,
@@ -216,6 +217,31 @@ impl Tk {
     };
     self.span.as_str().trim() == ";;"
   }
+
+  pub fn is_opener(&self) -> bool {
+    OPENERS.contains(&self.as_str())
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart)
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::CasePattern)
+  }
+  pub fn is_closer(&self) -> bool {
+    matches!(self.as_str(), "fi" | "done" | "esac")
+      || self.has_double_semi()
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd)
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_closer_for(&self, other: &Tk) -> bool {
+    if (matches!(other.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart) && matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd))
+      || (matches!(other.class, TkRule::CasePattern) && self.has_double_semi())
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+    match other.as_str() {
+      "for" | "while" | "until" => matches!(self.as_str(), "done"),
+      "if" => matches!(self.as_str(), "fi"),
+      "case" => matches!(self.as_str(), "esac"),
+      _ => false,
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 impl Display for Tk {
@@ -240,19 +266,12 @@ bitflags! {
     const ASSIGN       = 0b0000000001000000;
     const BUILTIN      = 0b0000000010000000;
     const IS_PROCSUB   = 0b0000000100000000;
+    const IS_HEREDOC   = 0b0000001000000000;
+    const LIT_HEREDOC  = 0b0000010000000000;
+    const TAB_HEREDOC  = 0b0000100000000000;
   }
 }
 
-pub struct LexStream {
-  source: Arc<String>,
-  pub cursor: usize,
-  pub name: String,
-  quote_state: QuoteState,
-  brc_grp_depth: usize,
-  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
-  flags: LexFlags,
-}
-
 bitflags! {
   #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
   pub struct LexFlags: u32 {
@@ -271,7 +290,6 @@ bitflags! {
     /// The lexer has no more tokens to produce
     const STALE          = 0b0001000000;
     const EXPECTING_IN   = 0b0010000000;
-    const IN_CASE        = 0b0100000000;
   }
 }
 
@@ -295,6 +313,18 @@ pub fn clean_input(input: &str) -> String {
   output
 }
 
+pub struct LexStream {
+  source: Arc<String>,
+  pub cursor: usize,
+  pub name: String,
+  quote_state: QuoteState,
+  brc_grp_depth: usize,
+  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
+  case_depth: usize,
+  heredoc_skip: Option<usize>,
+  flags: LexFlags,
+}
+
 impl LexStream {
   pub fn new(source: Arc<String>, flags: LexFlags) -> Self {
     let flags = flags | LexFlags::FRESH | LexFlags::NEXT_IS_CMD;
@@ -306,6 +336,8 @@ impl LexStream {
       quote_state: QuoteState::default(),
       brc_grp_depth: 0,
       brc_grp_start: None,
+      heredoc_skip: None,
+      case_depth: 0,
     }
   }
   /// Returns a slice of the source input using the given range
@@ -365,7 +397,7 @@ impl LexStream {
   }
   pub fn read_redir(&mut self) -> Option<ShResult<Tk>> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
-    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?;
+    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?.to_string();
     let mut pos = self.cursor;
     let mut chars = slice.chars().peekable();
     let mut tk = Tk::default();
@@ -377,20 +409,38 @@ impl LexStream {
             return None; // It's a process sub
           }
           pos += 1;
+          if let Some('|') = chars.peek() {
+            // noclobber force '>|'
+            chars.next();
+            pos += 1;
+            tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+            break;
+          }
+
           if let Some('>') = chars.peek() {
             chars.next();
             pos += 1;
           }
-          if let Some('&') = chars.peek() {
+          let Some('&') = chars.peek() else {
+            tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+            break;
+          };
+
           chars.next();
           pos += 1;
 
           let mut found_fd = false;
+          if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+            chars.next();
+            found_fd = true;
+            pos += 1;
+          } else {
             while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
               chars.next();
               found_fd = true;
               pos += 1;
             }
+          }
 
           if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
             let span_start = self.cursor;
@@ -404,10 +454,6 @@ impl LexStream {
             tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
             break;
           }
-          } else {
-            tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
-            break;
-          }
         }
         '<' => {
           if chars.peek() == Some(&'(') {
@@ -415,14 +461,94 @@ impl LexStream {
           }
           pos += 1;
 
-          for _ in 0..2 {
+          match chars.peek() {
-            if let Some('<') = chars.peek() {
+            Some('<') => {
               chars.next();
               pos += 1;
+
+              match chars.peek() {
+                Some('<') => {
+                  chars.next();
+                  pos += 1;
+                }
+
+                Some(ch) => {
+                  let mut ch = *ch;
+                  while is_field_sep(ch) {
+                    let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() else {
+                      // Incomplete input — fall through to emit << as Redir
+                      break;
+                    };
+                    pos += next_ch.len_utf8();
+                    ch = next_ch;
+                  }
+
+                  if is_field_sep(ch) {
+                    // Ran out of input while skipping whitespace — fall through
                   } else {
+                    let saved_cursor = self.cursor;
+                    match self.read_heredoc(pos) {
+                      Ok(Some(heredoc_tk)) => {
+                        // cursor is set to after the delimiter word;
+                        // heredoc_skip is set to after the body
+                        pos = self.cursor;
+                        self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+                        tk = heredoc_tk;
+                        break;
+                      }
+                      Ok(None) => {
+                        // Incomplete heredoc — restore cursor and fall through
+                        self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+                      }
+                      Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                  // No delimiter yet — input is incomplete
+                  // Fall through to emit the << as a Redir token
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            Some('>') => {
+              chars.next();
+              pos += 1;
+              tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+              break;
+            }
+            Some('&') => {
+              chars.next();
+              pos += 1;
+
+              let mut found_fd = false;
+              if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+                chars.next();
+                found_fd = true;
+                pos += 1;
+              } else {
+                while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
+                  chars.next();
+                  found_fd = true;
+                  pos += 1;
+                }
+              }
+
+              if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+                let span_start = self.cursor;
+                self.cursor = pos;
+                return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
+                  ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+                  Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+                  "Invalid redirection",
+                )));
+              } else {
+                tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
                 break;
               }
             }
+            _ => {}
+          }
+
           tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
           break;
         }
@@ -446,6 +572,133 @@ impl LexStream {
     self.cursor = pos;
     Some(Ok(tk))
   }
+  pub fn read_heredoc(&mut self, mut pos: usize) -> ShResult<Option<Tk>> {
+    let slice = self.slice(pos..).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+    let mut chars = slice.chars();
+    let mut delim = String::new();
+    let mut flags = TkFlags::empty();
+    let mut first_char = true;
+    // Parse the delimiter word, stripping quotes
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+      match ch {
+        '-' if first_char => {
+          pos += 1;
+          flags |= TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        '\"' => {
+          pos += 1;
+          self.quote_state.toggle_double();
+          flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        '\'' => {
+          pos += 1;
+          self.quote_state.toggle_single();
+          flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        _ if self.quote_state.in_quote() => {
+          pos += ch.len_utf8();
+          delim.push(ch);
+        }
+        ch if is_hard_sep(ch) => {
+          break;
+        }
+        ch => {
+          pos += ch.len_utf8();
+          delim.push(ch);
+        }
+      }
+      first_char = false;
+    }
+
+    // pos is now right after the delimiter word — this is where
+    // the cursor should return so the rest of the line gets lexed
+    let cursor_after_delim = pos;
+
+    // Re-slice from cursor_after_delim so iterator and pos are in sync
+    // (the old chars iterator consumed the hard_sep without advancing pos)
+    let rest = self
+      .slice(cursor_after_delim..)
+      .unwrap_or_default()
+      .to_string();
+    let mut chars = rest.chars();
+
+    // Scan forward to the newline (or use heredoc_skip from a previous heredoc)
+    let body_start = if let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip {
+      // A previous heredoc on this line already read its body;
+      // our body starts where that one ended
+      let skip_offset = skip - cursor_after_delim;
+      for _ in 0..skip_offset {
+        chars.next();
+      }
+      skip
+    } else {
+      // Skip the rest of the current line to find where the body begins
+      let mut scan = pos;
+      let mut found_newline = false;
+      while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+        scan += ch.len_utf8();
+        if ch == '\n' {
+          found_newline = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if !found_newline {
+        if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+          return Ok(None);
+        } else {
+          return Err(ShErr::at(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            Span::new(pos..pos, self.source.clone()),
+            "Heredoc delimiter not found",
+          ));
+        }
+      }
+      scan
+    };
+
+    pos = body_start;
+    let start = pos;
+
+    // Read lines until we find one that matches the delimiter exactly
+    let mut line = String::new();
+    let mut line_start = pos;
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+      pos += ch.len_utf8();
+      if ch == '\n' {
+        let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+        if trimmed == delim {
+          let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+          tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+          self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+          self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+          return Ok(Some(tk));
+        }
+        line.clear();
+        line_start = pos;
+      } else {
+        line.push(ch);
+      }
+    }
+    // Check the last line (no trailing newline)
+    let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+    if trimmed == delim {
+      let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+      tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+      self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+      self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+      return Ok(Some(tk));
+    }
+
+    if !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+      Err(ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+        Span::new(start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+        format!("Heredoc delimiter '{}' not found", delim),
+      ))
+    } else {
+      Ok(None)
+    }
+  }
   pub fn read_string(&mut self) -> ShResult<Tk> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
     let slice = self.slice_from_cursor().unwrap().to_string();
@@ -453,7 +706,7 @@ impl LexStream {
     let mut chars = slice.chars().peekable();
     let can_be_subshell = chars.peek() == Some(&'(');
 
-    if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::IN_CASE)
+    if self.case_depth > 0
       && let Some(count) = case_pat_lookahead(chars.clone())
     {
       pos += count;
@@ -623,6 +876,16 @@ impl LexStream {
             ));
           }
         }
+        '(' if can_be_subshell && chars.peek() == Some(&')') => {
+          // standalone "()" — function definition marker
+          pos += 2;
+          chars.next();
+          let mut tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Str);
+          tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
+          self.cursor = pos;
+          self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
+          return Ok(tk);
+        }
         '(' if self.next_is_cmd() && can_be_subshell => {
           pos += 1;
           let mut paren_count = 1;
@@ -731,7 +994,7 @@ impl LexStream {
         "case" | "select" | "for" => {
           new_tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
           self.flags |= LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN;
-          self.flags |= LexFlags::IN_CASE;
+          self.case_depth += 1;
           self.set_next_is_cmd(false);
         }
         "in" if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN) => {
@@ -739,8 +1002,8 @@ impl LexStream {
           self.flags &= !LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN;
         }
         _ if is_keyword(text) => {
-          if text == "esac" && self.flags.contains(LexFlags::IN_CASE) {
+          if text == "esac" && self.case_depth > 0 {
-            self.flags &= !LexFlags::IN_CASE;
+            self.case_depth -= 1;
           }
           new_tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
         }
@@ -843,10 +1106,19 @@ impl Iterator for LexStream {
 
     let token = match get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap() {
       '\r' | '\n' | ';' => {
+        let ch = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap();
         let ch_idx = self.cursor;
         self.cursor += 1;
         self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
 
+        // If a heredoc was parsed on this line, skip past the body
+        // Only on newline — ';' is a command separator within the same line
+        if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
+          && let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip.take()
+        {
+          self.cursor = skip;
+        }
+
         while let Some(ch) = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor) {
           match ch {
             '\\' if get_char(&self.source, self.cursor + 1) == Some('\n') => {
@@ -881,6 +1153,14 @@ impl Iterator for LexStream {
           return self.next();
         }
       }
+      '!' if self.next_is_cmd() => {
+        self.cursor += 1;
+        let tk_type = TkRule::Bang;
+
+        let mut tk = self.get_token((self.cursor - 1)..self.cursor, tk_type);
+        tk.flags |= TkFlags::KEYWORD;
+        tk
+      }
       '|' => {
         let ch_idx = self.cursor;
         self.cursor += 1;

src/prelude.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd,
 pub use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub use nix::{
   errno::Errno,
-  fcntl::{OFlag, open},
+  fcntl::{FcntlArg, OFlag, fcntl, open},
   libc::{self, STDERR_FILENO, STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO},
   sys::{
     signal::{self, SigHandler, SigSet, SigmaskHow, Signal, kill, killpg, pthread_sigmask, signal},
@@ -33,5 +33,4 @@ pub use nix::{
   },
 };
 
-
 // Additional utilities, if needed, can be added here

src/procio.rs

@@ -8,15 +8,27 @@ use crate::{
   expand::Expander,
   libsh::{
     error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
+    sys::TTY_FILENO,
     utils::RedirVecUtils,
   },
-  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file},
+  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file, lex::TkFlags},
   prelude::*,
+  state,
 };
 
 // Credit to fish-shell for many of the implementation ideas present in this
 // module https://fishshell.com/
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+/// User-visible fds (0-9) are kept clear so `exec 3>&-` etc. work as expected.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
+/// Like `dup()`, but places the new fd at `MIN_INTERNAL_FD` or above so it
+/// doesn't collide with user-managed fds.
+fn dup_high(fd: RawFd) -> nix::Result<RawFd> {
+  fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD))
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum IoMode {
   Fd {
@@ -37,8 +49,9 @@ pub enum IoMode {
     pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
   },
   Buffer {
+    tgt_fd: RawFd,
     buf: String,
-    pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
+    flags: TkFlags, // so we can see if its a heredoc or not
   },
   Close {
     tgt_fd: RawFd,
@@ -79,19 +92,29 @@ impl IoMode {
     if let IoMode::File { tgt_fd, path, mode } = self {
       let path_raw = path.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string();
 
-      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw)?.expand()?.join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of
+      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw, TkFlags::empty())?
-      // multiple
+        .expand()?
+        .join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of multiple paths
 
       let expanded_pathbuf = PathBuf::from(expanded_path);
 
       let file = get_redir_file(mode, expanded_pathbuf)?;
+      // Move the opened fd above the user-accessible range so it never
+      // collides with the target fd (e.g. `3>/tmp/foo` where open() returns 3,
+      // causing dup2(3,3) to be a no-op and then OwnedFd drop closes it).
+      let raw = file.as_raw_fd();
+      let high = fcntl(raw, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD)).map_err(ShErr::from)?;
+      drop(file); // closes the original low fd
       self = IoMode::OpenedFile {
         tgt_fd,
-        file: Arc::new(OwnedFd::from(file)),
+        file: Arc::new(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(high) }),
       }
     }
     Ok(self)
   }
+  pub fn buffer(tgt_fd: RawFd, buf: String, flags: TkFlags) -> ShResult<Self> {
+    Ok(Self::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags })
+  }
   pub fn get_pipes() -> (Self, Self) {
     let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe2(OFlag::O_CLOEXEC).unwrap();
     (
@@ -206,24 +229,107 @@ impl<'e> IoFrame {
     )
   }
   pub fn save(&'e mut self) {
-    let saved_in = dup(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_in = dup_high(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_out = dup(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_out = dup_high(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_err = dup(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_err = dup_high(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
     self.saved_io = Some(IoGroup(saved_in, saved_out, saved_err));
   }
   pub fn redirect(mut self) -> ShResult<RedirGuard> {
     self.save();
-    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
+    if let Err(e) = self.apply_redirs() {
-      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
+      // Restore saved fds before propagating the error so they don't leak.
-      if let IoMode::File { .. } = io_mode {
+      self.restore().ok();
-        *io_mode = io_mode.clone().open_file()?;
+      return Err(e);
-      };
-      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
-      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
-      dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd)?;
     }
     Ok(RedirGuard::new(self))
   }
+  fn apply_redirs(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
+    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
+      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
+      match io_mode {
+        IoMode::Close { tgt_fd } => {
+          if *tgt_fd == *TTY_FILENO {
+            // Don't let user close the shell's tty fd.
+            continue;
+          }
+          close(*tgt_fd).ok();
+          continue;
+        }
+        IoMode::File { .. } => match io_mode.clone().open_file() {
+          Ok(file) => *io_mode = file,
+          Err(e) => {
+            if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+              return Err(e.promote(span.clone()));
+            }
+            return Err(e);
+          }
+        },
+        IoMode::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags } => {
+          let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe()?;
+          let mut text = if flags.contains(TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC) {
+            buf.clone()
+          } else {
+            let words = Expander::from_raw(buf, *flags)?.expand()?;
+            if flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+              words.into_iter().next().unwrap_or_default()
+            } else {
+              let ifs = state::get_separator();
+              words.join(&ifs).trim().to_string() + "\n"
+            }
+          };
+          if flags.contains(TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC) {
+            let lines = text.lines();
+            let mut min_tabs = usize::MAX;
+            for line in lines {
+              if line.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+              }
+              let line_len = line.len();
+              let after_strip = line.trim_start_matches('\t').len();
+              let delta = line_len - after_strip;
+              min_tabs = min_tabs.min(delta);
+            }
+            if min_tabs == usize::MAX {
+              // let's avoid possibly allocating a string with 18 quintillion tabs
+              min_tabs = 0;
+            }
+
+            if min_tabs > 0 {
+              let stripped = text
+                .lines()
+                .fold(vec![], |mut acc, ln| {
+                  if ln.is_empty() {
+                    acc.push("");
+                    return acc;
+                  }
+                  let stripped_ln = ln.strip_prefix(&"\t".repeat(min_tabs)).unwrap();
+                  acc.push(stripped_ln);
+                  acc
+                })
+                .join("\n");
+              text = stripped + "\n";
+            }
+          }
+          write(wpipe, text.as_bytes())?;
+          *io_mode = IoMode::Pipe {
+            tgt_fd: *tgt_fd,
+            pipe: rpipe.into(),
+          };
+        }
+        _ => {}
+      }
+      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
+      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
+      if let Err(e) = dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd) {
+        if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+          return Err(ShErr::from(e).promote(span.clone()));
+        } else {
+          return Err(e.into());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
   pub fn restore(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
     if let Some(saved) = self.saved_io.take() {
       dup2(saved.0, STDIN_FILENO)?;
@@ -334,6 +440,8 @@ pub fn borrow_fd<'f>(fd: i32) -> BorrowedFd<'f> {
 }
 
 type PipeFrames = Map<PipeGenerator, fn((Option<Redir>, Option<Redir>)) -> IoFrame>;
+
+/// An iterator that lazily creates a specific number of pipes.
 pub struct PipeGenerator {
   num_cmds: usize,
   cursor: usize,
@@ -394,7 +502,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn pipeline_simple() {
-		if !has_cmd("sed") { return };
+    if !has_cmd("sed") {
+      return;
+    };
     let g = TestGuard::new();
 
     test_input("echo foo | sed 's/foo/bar/'").unwrap();
@@ -405,10 +515,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn pipeline_multi() {
-		if !has_cmds(&[
+    if !has_cmds(&["cut", "sed"]) {
-			"cut",
+      return;
-			"sed"
+    }
-		]) { return; }
     let g = TestGuard::new();
 
     test_input("echo foo bar baz | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sed 's/a/A/'").unwrap();
@@ -419,10 +528,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn rube_goldberg_pipeline() {
-		if !has_cmds(&[
+    if !has_cmds(&["sed", "cat"]) {
-			"sed",
+      return;
-			"cat",
+    }
-		]) { return }
     let g = TestGuard::new();
 
     test_input("{ echo foo; echo bar } | if cat; then :; else echo failed; fi | (read line && echo $line | sed 's/foo/baz/'; sed 's/bar/buzz/')").unwrap();
@@ -437,7 +545,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
     test_input("echo this is in a file > /tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").unwrap();
 
-		g.add_cleanup(|| { std::fs::remove_file("/tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").ok(); });
+    g.add_cleanup(|| {
+      std::fs::remove_file("/tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").ok();
+    });
     let contents = std::fs::read_to_string("/tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(contents, "this is in a file\n");
@@ -458,7 +568,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn input_redir() {
-		if !has_cmd("cat") { return; }
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
     let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
     let path = dir.path().join("input.txt");
     std::fs::write(&path, "hello from file\n").unwrap();
@@ -487,7 +599,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn pipe_and_stderr() {
-		if !has_cmd("cat") { return; }
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
     let g = TestGuard::new();
 
     test_input("echo on stderr >&2 |& cat").unwrap();
@@ -511,7 +625,9 @@ pub mod tests {
 
   #[test]
   fn pipeline_preserves_exit_status() {
-		if !has_cmd("cat") { return; }
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
 
     test_input("false | cat").unwrap();
@@ -533,7 +649,11 @@ pub mod tests {
     let _g = TestGuard::new();
 
     // Redirect stdout to file, then dup stderr to stdout — both should go to file
-		test_input(format!("{{ echo out; echo err >&2 }} > {} 2>&1", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!(
+      "{{ echo out; echo err >&2 }} > {} 2>&1",
+      path.display()
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
 
     let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
     assert!(contents.contains("out"));

src/readline/complete.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{
   builtin::complete::{CompFlags, CompOptFlags, CompOpts},
+  expand::escape_str,
   libsh::{error::ShResult, guards::var_ctx_guard, sys::TTY_FILENO, utils::TkVecUtils},
   parse::{
     execute::exec_input,
@@ -22,7 +24,9 @@ use crate::{
     term::{LineWriter, TermWriter, calc_str_width, get_win_size},
     vimode::{ViInsert, ViMode},
   },
-  state::{VarFlags, VarKind, read_jobs, read_logic, read_meta, read_vars, write_vars},
+  state::{
+    VarFlags, VarKind, read_jobs, read_logic, read_meta, read_shopts, read_vars, write_vars,
+  },
 };
 
 pub fn complete_signals(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -173,6 +177,11 @@ fn complete_commands(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
       .collect()
   });
 
+  if read_shopts(|o| o.core.autocd) {
+    let dirs = complete_dirs(start);
+    candidates.extend(dirs);
+  }
+
   candidates.sort();
   candidates
 }
@@ -559,13 +568,15 @@ pub trait Completer {
   fn reset(&mut self);
   fn reset_stay_active(&mut self);
   fn is_active(&self) -> bool;
-	fn all_candidates(&self) -> Vec<String> { vec![] }
+  fn all_candidates(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    vec![]
+  }
   fn selected_candidate(&self) -> Option<String>;
   fn token_span(&self) -> (usize, usize);
   fn original_input(&self) -> &str;
   fn token(&self) -> &str {
     let orig = self.original_input();
-		let (s,e) = self.token_span();
+    let (s, e) = self.token_span();
     orig.get(s..e).unwrap_or(orig)
   }
   fn draw(&mut self, writer: &mut TermWriter) -> ShResult<()>;
@@ -1171,13 +1182,19 @@ impl Completer for FuzzyCompleter {
     log::debug!("Getting completed line for candidate: {}", _candidate);
 
     let selected = self.selector.selected_candidate().unwrap_or_default();
-    log::debug!("Selected candidate: {}", selected);
+    let (mut start, end) = self.completer.token_span;
-    let (start, end) = self.completer.token_span;
+    let slice = self
-    log::debug!("Token span: ({}, {})", start, end);
+      .completer
+      .original_input
+      .get(start..end)
+      .unwrap_or_default();
+    start += slice.width();
+    let completion = selected.strip_prefix(slice).unwrap_or(&selected);
+    let escaped = escape_str(completion, false);
     let ret = format!(
       "{}{}{}",
       &self.completer.original_input[..start],
-      selected,
+      escaped,
       &self.completer.original_input[end..]
     );
     log::debug!("Completed line: {}", ret);
@@ -1430,11 +1447,15 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
     }
 
     let selected = &self.candidates[self.selected_idx];
-    let (start, end) = self.token_span;
+    let (mut start, end) = self.token_span;
+    let slice = self.original_input.get(start..end).unwrap_or("");
+    start += slice.width();
+    let completion = selected.strip_prefix(slice).unwrap_or(selected);
+    let escaped = escape_str(completion, false);
     format!(
       "{}{}{}",
       &self.original_input[..start],
-      selected,
+      escaped,
       &self.original_input[end..]
     )
   }
@@ -1593,10 +1614,12 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
         .set_range(self.token_span.0..self.token_span.1);
     }
 
-    // If token contains '=', only complete after the '='
+    // If token contains any COMP_WORDBREAKS, break the word
     let token_str = cur_token.span.as_str();
-    if let Some(eq_pos) = token_str.rfind('=') {
+
-      self.token_span.0 = cur_token.span.range().start + eq_pos + 1;
+    let word_breaks = read_vars(|v| v.try_get_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS")).unwrap_or("=".into());
+    if let Some(break_pos) = token_str.rfind(|c: char| word_breaks.contains(c)) {
+      self.token_span.0 = cur_token.span.range().start + break_pos + 1;
       cur_token
         .span
         .set_range(self.token_span.0..self.token_span.1);
@@ -1642,3 +1665,462 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
     Ok(CompResult::from_candidates(candidates))
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::{
+    readline::{Prompt, ShedVi},
+    state::{VarFlags, VarKind, write_vars},
+    testutil::TestGuard,
+  };
+  use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+
+  fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let prompt = Prompt::default();
+    let vi = ShedVi::new_no_hist(prompt, g.pty_slave().as_raw_fd())
+      .unwrap()
+      .with_initial(initial);
+    (vi, g)
+  }
+
+  // ===================== extract_var_name =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_simple() {
+    let (name, start, end) = extract_var_name("$HOME").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "HOME");
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+    assert_eq!(end, 5);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_braced() {
+    let (name, start, end) = extract_var_name("${PATH}").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "PATH");
+    // '$' hits continue (no pos++), '{' is at pos=0, so name_start = 1
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+    assert_eq!(end, 5);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_partial() {
+    let (name, start, _end) = extract_var_name("$HO").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "HO");
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_none() {
+    assert!(extract_var_name("hello").is_none());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== ScoredCandidate::fuzzy_score =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_exact_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("hello".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("hello");
+    assert!(score > 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_prefix_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("hello_world".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("hello");
+    assert!(score > 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_no_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("abc".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("xyz");
+    assert_eq!(score, i32::MIN);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_empty_query() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("anything".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("");
+    assert_eq!(score, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_boundary_bonus() {
+    let mut a = ScoredCandidate::new("foo_bar".into());
+    let mut b = ScoredCandidate::new("fxxxbxr".into());
+    let score_a = a.fuzzy_score("fbr");
+    let score_b = b.fuzzy_score("fbr");
+    // word-boundary match should score higher
+    assert!(score_a > score_b);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== CompResult::from_candidates =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_no_match() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec![]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::NoMatch));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_single() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec!["foo".into()]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::Single { .. }));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_many() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec!["foo".into(), "bar".into()]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::Many { .. }));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== complete_signals =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_int() {
+    let results = complete_signals("INT");
+    assert!(results.contains(&"INT".to_string()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_empty() {
+    let results = complete_signals("");
+    assert!(!results.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_no_match() {
+    let results = complete_signals("ZZZZZZZ");
+    assert!(results.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== COMP_WORDBREAKS =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_equals_default() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+
+    let line = "cmd --foo=bar".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let eq_idx = line.find('=').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      eq_idx + 1,
+      "token_span.0 ({}) should be right after '=' ({})",
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      eq_idx
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_colon_when_set() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS", VarKind::Str("=:".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
+
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+    let line = "scp host:foo".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let colon_idx = line.find(':').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx + 1,
+      "token_span.0 ({}) should be right after ':' ({})",
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_rightmost_wins() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS", VarKind::Str("=:".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
+
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+    let line = "cmd --opt=host:val".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let colon_idx = line.rfind(':').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx + 1,
+      "should break at rightmost wordbreak char"
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ===================== SimpleCompleter cycling =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cycle_wraps_forward() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["aaa".into(), "bbb".into(), "ccc".into()],
+      selected_idx: 2,
+      original_input: "".into(),
+      token_span: (0, 0),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    comp.cycle_completion(1);
+    assert_eq!(comp.selected_idx, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cycle_wraps_backward() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["aaa".into(), "bbb".into(), "ccc".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "".into(),
+      token_span: (0, 0),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    comp.cycle_completion(-1);
+    assert_eq!(comp.selected_idx, 2);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Completion escaping =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_special_chars() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("hello world", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_multiple_specials() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("a&b|c", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "a\\&b\\|c");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_no_specials() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("hello", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_all_shell_metacharacters() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    for ch in [
+      '\'', '"', '\\', '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', '>', '$', '*', '!', '`', '{', '?', '[', '#',
+      ' ', '\t', '\n',
+    ] {
+      let input = format!("a{ch}b");
+      let escaped = escape_str(&input, false);
+      let expected = format!("a\\{ch}b");
+      assert_eq!(escaped, expected, "failed to escape {:?}", ch);
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_kitchen_sink() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let input = "f$le (with) 'spaces' & {braces} | pipes; #hash ~tilde `backtick` !bang";
+    let escaped = escape_str(input, false);
+    assert_eq!(
+      escaped,
+      "f\\$le\\ \\(with\\)\\ \\'spaces\\'\\ \\&\\ \\{braces}\\ \\|\\ pipes\\;\\ \\#hash\\ ~tilde\\ \\`backtick\\`\\ \\!bang"
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_only_escapes_new_text() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Simulate: user typed "echo hel", completion candidate is "hello world"
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hel".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 8), // "hel" spans bytes 5..8
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    // "hel" is the user's text (not escaped), "lo world" is new (escaped)
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_no_new_text() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed the full token, nothing new to escape
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hello".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 10),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_appends_suffix_with_escape() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed "echo hel", candidate is "hello world" (from filesystem)
+    // strip_prefix("hel") => "lo world", which gets escaped
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hel".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 8),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_suffix_only_escapes_new_part() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed "echo hello", candidate is "hello world&done"
+    // strip_prefix("hello") => " world&done", only that gets escaped
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world&done".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hello".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 10),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    // "hello" is preserved as-is, " world&done" gets escaped
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world\\&done");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_escapes_special_in_filename() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_esc");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("hello world.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo hello\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("hello\\ world.txt"),
+      "expected escaped space in completion: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_does_not_escape_user_text() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_noesc");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("my file.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    // User types "echo my\ " with the space already escaped
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo my\\ \t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    // The user's "my\ " should be preserved, not double-escaped to "my\\\ "
+    assert!(
+      !line.contains("my\\\\ "),
+      "user text should not be double-escaped: {line:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("my\\ file.txt"),
+      "expected completion with preserved user escape: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration tests (pty) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_completes_filename() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_fn");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("unique_shed_test_file.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    // Type "echo unique_shed_test" then press Tab
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo unique_shed_test\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("unique_shed_test_file.txt"),
+      "expected completion in line: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_completes_directory_with_slash() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_dir");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(tmp.join("mysubdir"));
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"cd mysub\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("mysubdir/"),
+      "expected dir completion with trailing slash: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_after_equals() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_eq");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("eqfile.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"cmd --opt=eqf\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("--opt=eqfile.txt"),
+      "expected completion after '=': {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+}

src/readline/highlight.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
     while prefix_chars.peek().is_some() {
       match chars.next() {
         Some(c) if c == markers::VISUAL_MODE_START || c == markers::VISUAL_MODE_END => continue,
-        Some(c) if Some(&c) == prefix_chars.peek() => { prefix_chars.next(); }
+        Some(c) if Some(&c) == prefix_chars.peek() => {
+          prefix_chars.next();
+        }
         _ => return text.to_string(), // mismatch, return original
       }
     }
@@ -104,7 +106,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
     let mut si = suffix_chars.len();
 
     while si > 0 {
-      if ti == 0 { return text.to_string(); }
+      if ti == 0 {
+        return text.to_string();
+      }
       ti -= 1;
       if chars[ti] == markers::VISUAL_MODE_START || chars[ti] == markers::VISUAL_MODE_END {
         continue; // skip visual markers
@@ -346,7 +350,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
           recursive_highlighter.highlight();
           // Read back visual state — selection may have started/ended inside
           self.in_selection = recursive_highlighter.in_selection;
-          self.style_stack.append(&mut recursive_highlighter.style_stack);
+          self
+            .style_stack
+            .append(&mut recursive_highlighter.style_stack);
           if selection_at_entry {
             self.emit_style(Style::BgWhite | Style::Black);
             self.output.push_str(prefix);

src/readline/history.rs

@@ -217,18 +217,36 @@ pub struct History {
 }
 
 impl History {
+  pub fn empty() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      path: PathBuf::new(),
+      pending: None,
+      entries: Vec::new(),
+      search_mask: Vec::new(),
+      fuzzy_finder: FuzzySelector::new("History").number_candidates(true),
+      no_matches: false,
+      cursor: 0,
+      //search_direction: Direction::Backward,
+      ignore_dups: false,
+      max_size: None,
+    }
+  }
   pub fn new() -> ShResult<Self> {
     let ignore_dups = crate::state::read_shopts(|s| s.core.hist_ignore_dupes);
     let max_hist = crate::state::read_shopts(|s| s.core.max_hist);
+
     let path = PathBuf::from(env::var("SHEDHIST").unwrap_or({
       let home = env::var("HOME").unwrap();
       format!("{home}/.shed_history")
     }));
+
     let mut entries = read_hist_file(&path)?;
+
     // Enforce max_hist limit on loaded entries (negative = unlimited)
     if max_hist >= 0 && entries.len() > max_hist as usize {
       entries = entries.split_off(entries.len() - max_hist as usize);
     }
+
     let search_mask = dedupe_entries(&entries);
     let cursor = search_mask.len();
     let max_size = if max_hist < 0 {
@@ -236,6 +254,7 @@ impl History {
     } else {
       Some(max_hist as u32)
     };
+
     Ok(Self {
       path,
       entries,
@@ -481,12 +500,8 @@ mod tests {
       env::set_var(key, val);
     }
     guard(prev, move |p| match p {
-      Some(v) => unsafe {
+      Some(v) => unsafe { env::set_var(key, v) },
-        env::set_var(key, v)
+      None => unsafe { env::remove_var(key) },
-      },
-      None => unsafe {
-        env::remove_var(key)
-      },
     })
   }
 
@@ -503,12 +518,7 @@ mod tests {
   fn write_history_file(path: &Path) {
     fs::write(
       path,
-      [
+      [": 1;1;first\n", ": 2;1;second\n", ": 3;1;third\n"].concat(),
-        ": 1;1;first\n",
-        ": 2;1;second\n",
-        ": 3;1;third\n",
-      ]
-      .concat(),
     )
     .unwrap();
   }
@@ -567,12 +577,7 @@ mod tests {
     let hist_path = tmp.path().join("history");
     fs::write(
       &hist_path,
-      [
+      [": 1;1;repeat\n", ": 2;1;unique\n", ": 3;1;repeat\n"].concat(),
-        ": 1;1;repeat\n",
-        ": 2;1;unique\n",
-        ": 3;1;repeat\n",
-      ]
-      .concat(),
     )
     .unwrap();
 

src/readline/mod.rs

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ use vimode::{CmdReplay, ModeReport, ViInsert, ViMode, ViNormal, ViReplace, ViVis
 
 use crate::builtin::keymap::{KeyMapFlags, KeyMapMatch};
 use crate::expand::expand_prompt;
-use crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO;
 use crate::libsh::utils::AutoCmdVecUtils;
 use crate::parse::lex::{LexStream, QuoteState};
 use crate::readline::complete::{FuzzyCompleter, SelectorResponse};
 use crate::readline::term::{Pos, TermReader, calc_str_width};
 use crate::readline::vimode::{ViEx, ViVerbatim};
 use crate::state::{
-  AutoCmdKind, ShellParam, Var, VarFlags, VarKind, read_logic, read_shopts, with_vars, write_meta, write_vars
+  AutoCmdKind, ShellParam, Var, VarFlags, VarKind, read_logic, read_shopts, with_vars, write_meta,
+  write_vars,
 };
 use crate::{
   libsh::error::ShResult,
@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ pub mod term;
 pub mod vicmd;
 pub mod vimode;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests;
+
 pub mod markers {
   use super::Marker;
 
@@ -238,6 +241,7 @@ impl Default for Prompt {
 pub struct ShedVi {
   pub reader: PollReader,
   pub writer: TermWriter,
+  pub tty: RawFd,
 
   pub prompt: Prompt,
   pub highlighter: Highlighter,
@@ -249,7 +253,6 @@ pub struct ShedVi {
   pub repeat_action: Option<CmdReplay>,
   pub repeat_motion: Option<MotionCmd>,
   pub editor: LineBuf,
-  pub next_is_escaped: bool,
 
   pub old_layout: Option<Layout>,
   pub history: History,
@@ -263,10 +266,10 @@ impl ShedVi {
       reader: PollReader::new(),
       writer: TermWriter::new(tty),
       prompt,
+      tty,
       completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
       highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
       mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
-      next_is_escaped: false,
       saved_mode: None,
       pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
       old_layout: None,
@@ -289,6 +292,37 @@ impl ShedVi {
     Ok(new)
   }
 
+  pub fn new_no_hist(prompt: Prompt, tty: RawFd) -> ShResult<Self> {
+    let mut new = Self {
+      reader: PollReader::new(),
+      writer: TermWriter::new(tty),
+      tty,
+      prompt,
+      completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
+      highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
+      mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
+      saved_mode: None,
+      pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
+      old_layout: None,
+      repeat_action: None,
+      repeat_motion: None,
+      editor: LineBuf::new(),
+      history: History::empty(),
+      needs_redraw: true,
+    };
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "SHED_VI_MODE",
+        VarKind::Str(new.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })?;
+    new.prompt.refresh();
+    new.writer.flush_write("\n")?; // ensure we start on a new line, in case the previous command didn't end with a newline
+    new.print_line(false)?;
+    Ok(new)
+  }
+
   pub fn with_initial(mut self, initial: &str) -> Self {
     self.editor = LineBuf::new().with_initial(initial, 0);
     self
@@ -310,7 +344,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
   pub fn fix_column(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
     self
       .writer
-      .fix_cursor_column(&mut TermReader::new(*TTY_FILENO))
+      .fix_cursor_column(&mut TermReader::new(self.tty))
   }
 
   pub fn reset_active_widget(&mut self, full_redraw: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
@@ -380,7 +414,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
     let lex_result2 =
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::empty()).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
-    let is_top_level = self.editor.auto_indent_level == 0;
+    let is_top_level = self.editor.indent_ctx.ctx().is_empty();
 
     let is_complete = match (lex_result1.is_err(), lex_result2.is_err()) {
       (true, true) => {
@@ -407,7 +441,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
     // Process all available keys
     while let Some(key) = self.reader.read_key()? {
-			log::debug!("Read key: {key:?} in mode {:?}, self.reader.verbatim = {}", self.mode.report_mode(), self.reader.verbatim);
       // If completer or history search are active, delegate input to it
       if self.history.fuzzy_finder.is_active() {
         self.print_line(false)?;
@@ -590,10 +623,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
   pub fn handle_key(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) -> ShResult<Option<ReadlineEvent>> {
     if self.should_accept_hint(&key) {
-      log::debug!(
-        "Accepting hint on key {key:?} in mode {:?}",
-        self.mode.report_mode()
-      );
       self.editor.accept_hint();
       if !self.history.at_pending() {
         self.history.reset_to_pending();
@@ -658,7 +687,8 @@ impl ShedVi {
               VarKind::Str(self.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
               VarFlags::NONE,
             )
-					}).ok();
+          })
+          .ok();
 
           // If we are here, we hit a case where pressing tab returned a single candidate
           // So we can just go ahead and reset the completer after this
@@ -668,13 +698,19 @@ impl ShedVi {
           let post_cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::OnCompletionStart));
           let candidates = self.completer.all_candidates();
           let num_candidates = candidates.len();
-					with_vars([
+          with_vars(
+            [
               ("_NUM_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_candidates)),
               ("_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(candidates)),
-						("_SEARCH_STR".into(), Into::<Var>::into(self.completer.token())),
+              (
-					], || {
+                "_SEARCH_STR".into(),
+                Into::<Var>::into(self.completer.token()),
+              ),
+            ],
+            || {
               post_cmds.exec();
-					});
+            },
+          );
 
           if self.completer.is_active() {
             write_vars(|v| {
@@ -696,14 +732,14 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
       self.needs_redraw = true;
       return Ok(None);
-    } else if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('R'), ModKeys::CTRL) = key {
+    } else if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('R'), ModKeys::CTRL) = key
+      && self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Insert
+    {
       let initial = self.editor.as_str();
       match self.history.start_search(initial) {
         Some(entry) => {
           let post_cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::OnHistorySelect));
-          with_vars([
+          with_vars([("_HIST_ENTRY".into(), entry.clone())], || {
-						("_HIST_ENTRY".into(), entry.clone()),
-					], || {
             post_cmds.exec_with(&entry);
           });
 
@@ -717,7 +753,9 @@ impl ShedVi {
         None => {
           let post_cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::OnHistoryOpen));
           let entries = self.history.fuzzy_finder.candidates();
-					let matches = self.history.fuzzy_finder
+          let matches = self
+            .history
+            .fuzzy_finder
             .filtered()
             .iter()
             .cloned()
@@ -726,15 +764,18 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
           let num_entries = entries.len();
           let num_matches = matches.len();
-					with_vars([
+          with_vars(
-						("_ENTRIES".into(),Into::<Var>::into(entries)),
+            [
-						("_NUM_ENTRIES".into(),Into::<Var>::into(num_entries)),
+              ("_ENTRIES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(entries)),
-						("_MATCHES".into(),Into::<Var>::into(matches)),
+              ("_NUM_ENTRIES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_entries)),
-						("_NUM_MATCHES".into(),Into::<Var>::into(num_matches)),
+              ("_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(matches)),
+              ("_NUM_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_matches)),
               ("_SEARCH_STR".into(), Into::<Var>::into(initial)),
-					], || {
+            ],
+            || {
               post_cmds.exec();
-					});
+            },
+          );
 
           if self.history.fuzzy_finder.is_active() {
             write_vars(|v| {
@@ -755,14 +796,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
       }
     }
 
-    if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('\\'), ModKeys::NONE) = key
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
-    {
-      self.next_is_escaped = true;
-    } else {
-      self.next_is_escaped = false;
-    }
-
     let Ok(cmd) = self.mode.handle_key_fallible(key) else {
       // it's an ex mode error
       self.mode = Box::new(ViNormal::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>;
@@ -781,8 +814,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
     }
 
     if cmd.is_submit_action()
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
+      && !self.editor.cursor_is_escaped()
-      && !self.editor.buffer.ends_with('\\')
       && (self.should_submit()? || !read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.linebreak_on_incomplete))
     {
       if self.editor.attempt_history_expansion(&self.history) {
@@ -814,7 +846,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
     let has_edit_verb = cmd.verb().is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit());
 
     let before = self.editor.buffer.clone();
-    self.exec_cmd(cmd)?;
+    self.exec_cmd(cmd, false)?;
     if let Some(keys) = write_meta(|m| m.take_pending_widget_keys()) {
       for key in keys {
         self.handle_key(key)?;
@@ -839,7 +871,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
   pub fn get_layout(&mut self, line: &str) -> Layout {
     let to_cursor = self.editor.slice_to_cursor().unwrap_or_default();
-    let (cols, _) = get_win_size(*TTY_FILENO);
+    let (cols, _) = get_win_size(self.tty);
     Layout::from_parts(cols, self.prompt.get_ps1(), to_cursor, line)
   }
   pub fn scroll_history(&mut self, cmd: ViCmd) {
@@ -1018,6 +1050,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       let pending_seq = self.mode.pending_seq().unwrap_or_default();
       write!(buf, "\n: {pending_seq}").unwrap();
       new_layout.end.row += 1;
+      new_layout.cursor.row += 1;
     }
 
     write!(buf, "{}", &self.mode.cursor_style()).unwrap();
@@ -1072,10 +1105,9 @@ impl ShedVi {
     post_mode_change.exec();
   }
 
-  pub fn exec_cmd(&mut self, mut cmd: ViCmd) -> ShResult<()> {
+  fn exec_mode_transition(&mut self, cmd: ViCmd, from_replay: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
     let mut select_mode = None;
     let mut is_insert_mode = false;
-    if cmd.is_mode_transition() {
     let count = cmd.verb_count();
 
     let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = if matches!(
@@ -1092,12 +1124,19 @@ impl ShedVi {
       match cmd.verb().unwrap().1 {
         Verb::Change | Verb::InsertModeLineBreak(_) | Verb::InsertMode => {
           is_insert_mode = true;
-            Box::new(ViInsert::new().with_count(count as u16))
+          Box::new(
+            ViInsert::new()
+              .with_count(count as u16)
+              .record_cmd(cmd.clone()),
+          )
         }
 
         Verb::ExMode => Box::new(ViEx::new()),
 
-          Verb::VerbatimMode => Box::new(ViVerbatim::read_one().with_count(count as u16)),
+        Verb::VerbatimMode => {
+          self.reader.verbatim_single = true;
+          Box::new(ViVerbatim::new().with_count(count as u16))
+        }
 
         Verb::NormalMode => Box::new(ViNormal::new()),
 
@@ -1145,7 +1184,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       return Ok(());
     }
 
-      if mode.is_repeatable() {
+    if mode.is_repeatable() && !from_replay {
       self.repeat_action = mode.as_replay();
     }
 
@@ -1174,7 +1213,24 @@ impl ShedVi {
     })?;
     self.prompt.refresh();
 
-      return Ok(());
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  pub fn clone_mode(&self) -> Box<dyn ViMode> {
+    match self.mode.report_mode() {
+      ModeReport::Normal => Box::new(ViNormal::new()),
+      ModeReport::Insert => Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
+      ModeReport::Visual => Box::new(ViVisual::new()),
+      ModeReport::Ex => Box::new(ViEx::new()),
+      ModeReport::Replace => Box::new(ViReplace::new()),
+      ModeReport::Verbatim => Box::new(ViVerbatim::new()),
+      ModeReport::Unknown => unreachable!(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn exec_cmd(&mut self, mut cmd: ViCmd, from_replay: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
+    if cmd.is_mode_transition() {
+      return self.exec_mode_transition(cmd, from_replay);
     } else if cmd.is_cmd_repeat() {
       let Some(replay) = self.repeat_action.clone() else {
         return Ok(());
@@ -1186,12 +1242,37 @@ impl ShedVi {
           if count > 1 {
             repeat = count as u16;
           }
+
+          let old_mode = self.mode.report_mode();
+
           for _ in 0..repeat {
             let cmds = cmds.clone();
-            for cmd in cmds {
+            for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
-              self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd)?
+              self.exec_cmd(cmd.clone(), true)?;
+              // After the first command, start merging so all subsequent
+              // edits fold into one undo entry (e.g. cw + inserted chars)
+              if i == 0
+                && let Some(edit) = self.editor.undo_stack.last_mut()
+              {
+                edit.start_merge();
               }
             }
+            // Stop merging at the end of the replay
+            if let Some(edit) = self.editor.undo_stack.last_mut() {
+              edit.stop_merge();
+            }
+
+            let old_mode_clone = match old_mode {
+              ModeReport::Normal => Box::new(ViNormal::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Insert => Box::new(ViInsert::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Visual => Box::new(ViVisual::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Ex => Box::new(ViEx::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Replace => Box::new(ViReplace::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Verbatim => Box::new(ViVerbatim::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Unknown => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            self.mode = old_mode_clone;
+          }
         }
         CmdReplay::Single(mut cmd) => {
           if count > 1 {
@@ -1253,7 +1334,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
     }
 
-    if cmd.is_repeatable() {
+    if cmd.is_repeatable() && !from_replay {
       if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual {
         // The motion is assigned in the line buffer execution, so we also have to
         // assign it here in order to be able to repeat it
@@ -1272,7 +1353,11 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
     self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd.clone())?;
 
-    if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual && cmd.verb().is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit()) {
+    if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual
+      && cmd
+        .verb()
+        .is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit() || v.1 == Verb::Yank)
+    {
       self.editor.stop_selecting();
       let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = Box::new(ViNormal::new());
       self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
@@ -1421,6 +1506,7 @@ pub fn get_insertions(input: &str) -> Vec<(usize, Marker)> {
 pub fn marker_for(class: &TkRule) -> Option<Marker> {
   match class {
     TkRule::Pipe
+    | TkRule::Bang
     | TkRule::ErrPipe
     | TkRule::And
     | TkRule::Or
@@ -1512,6 +1598,12 @@ pub fn annotate_token(token: Tk) -> Vec<(usize, Marker)> {
 
   let mut insertions: Vec<(usize, Marker)> = vec![];
 
+  // Heredoc tokens have spans covering the body content far from the <<
+  // operator, which breaks position tracking after marker insertions
+  if token.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+    return insertions;
+  }
+
   if token.class != TkRule::Str
     && let Some(marker) = marker_for(&token.class)
   {

src/readline/register.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,24 @@ use std::{fmt::Display, sync::Mutex};
 
 pub static REGISTERS: Mutex<Registers> = Mutex::new(Registers::new());
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub static SAVED_REGISTERS: Mutex<Option<Registers>> = Mutex::new(None);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn save_registers() {
+  let mut saved = SAVED_REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
+  *saved = Some(REGISTERS.lock().unwrap().clone());
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn restore_registers() {
+  let mut saved = SAVED_REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
+  if let Some(ref registers) = *saved {
+    *REGISTERS.lock().unwrap() = registers.clone();
+  }
+  *saved = None;
+}
+
 pub fn read_register(ch: Option<char>) -> Option<RegisterContent> {
   let lock = REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
   lock.get_reg(ch).map(|r| r.content().clone())
@@ -79,7 +97,7 @@ impl RegisterContent {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Registers {
   default: Register,
   a: Register,

src/readline/term.rs

@@ -294,12 +294,14 @@ impl Read for TermBuffer {
 
 struct KeyCollector {
   events: VecDeque<KeyEvent>,
+  ss3_pending: bool,
 }
 
 impl KeyCollector {
   fn new() -> Self {
     Self {
       events: VecDeque::new(),
+      ss3_pending: false,
     }
   }
 
@@ -337,7 +339,55 @@ impl Default for KeyCollector {
 
 impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   fn print(&mut self, c: char) {
+    log::trace!("print: {c:?}");
     // vte routes 0x7f (DEL) to print instead of execute
+    if self.ss3_pending {
+      self.ss3_pending = false;
+      match c {
+        'A' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Up, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'B' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Down, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'C' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Right, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'D' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Left, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'H' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Home, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'F' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::End, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'P' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(1), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'Q' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(2), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'R' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(3), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'S' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(4), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        _ => {}
+      }
+    }
+
     if c == '\x7f' {
       self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Backspace, ModKeys::empty()));
     } else {
@@ -346,6 +396,7 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   }
 
   fn execute(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+    log::trace!("execute: {byte:#04x}");
     let event = match byte {
       0x00 => KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char(' '), ModKeys::CTRL), // Ctrl+Space / Ctrl+@
       0x09 => KeyEvent(KeyCode::Tab, ModKeys::empty()),    // Tab (Ctrl+I)
@@ -370,6 +421,9 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
     _ignore: bool,
     action: char,
   ) {
+    log::trace!(
+      "CSI dispatch: params={params:?}, intermediates={intermediates:?}, action={action:?}"
+    );
     let params: Vec<u16> = params
       .iter()
       .map(|p| p.first().copied().unwrap_or(0))
@@ -481,16 +535,11 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   }
 
   fn esc_dispatch(&mut self, intermediates: &[u8], _ignore: bool, byte: u8) {
-    // SS3 sequences (ESC O P/Q/R/S for F1-F4)
+    log::trace!("ESC dispatch: intermediates={intermediates:?}, byte={byte:#04x}");
-    if intermediates == [b'O'] {
+    // SS3 sequences
-      let key = match byte {
+    if byte == b'O' {
-        b'P' => KeyCode::F(1),
+      self.ss3_pending = true;
-        b'Q' => KeyCode::F(2),
+      return;
-        b'R' => KeyCode::F(3),
-        b'S' => KeyCode::F(4),
-        _ => return,
-      };
-      self.push(KeyEvent(key, ModKeys::empty()));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -499,6 +548,7 @@ pub struct PollReader {
   parser: Parser,
   collector: KeyCollector,
   byte_buf: VecDeque<u8>,
+  pub verbatim_single: bool,
   pub verbatim: bool,
 }
 
@@ -508,6 +558,7 @@ impl PollReader {
       parser: Parser::new(),
       collector: KeyCollector::new(),
       byte_buf: VecDeque::new(),
+      verbatim_single: false,
       verbatim: false,
     }
   }
@@ -531,6 +582,18 @@ impl PollReader {
     None
   }
 
+  pub fn read_one_verbatim(&mut self) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
+    if self.byte_buf.is_empty() {
+      return None;
+    }
+    let bytes: Vec<u8> = self.byte_buf.drain(..).collect();
+    let verbatim_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes).to_string();
+    Some(KeyEvent(
+      KeyCode::Verbatim(verbatim_str.into()),
+      ModKeys::empty(),
+    ))
+  }
+
   pub fn feed_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
     self.byte_buf.extend(bytes);
   }
@@ -544,18 +607,27 @@ impl Default for PollReader {
 
 impl KeyReader for PollReader {
   fn read_key(&mut self) -> Result<Option<KeyEvent>, ShErr> {
+    if self.verbatim_single {
+      if let Some(key) = self.read_one_verbatim() {
+        self.verbatim_single = false;
+        return Ok(Some(key));
+      }
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
     if self.verbatim {
       if let Some(paste) = self.handle_bracket_paste() {
         return Ok(Some(paste));
       }
       // If we're in verbatim mode but haven't seen the end marker yet, don't attempt to parse keys
       return Ok(None);
-		} else if self.byte_buf.len() == 1
+    } else if self.byte_buf.front() == Some(&b'\x1b') {
-			&& self.byte_buf.front() == Some(&b'\x1b') {
+      // Escape: if it's the only byte, or the next byte isn't a valid
-			// User pressed escape
+      // escape sequence prefix ([ or O), emit a standalone Escape
-			self.byte_buf.pop_front(); // Consume the escape byte
+      if self.byte_buf.len() == 1 || !matches!(self.byte_buf.get(1), Some(b'[') | Some(b'O')) {
+        self.byte_buf.pop_front();
         return Ok(Some(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Esc, ModKeys::empty())));
       }
+    }
     while let Some(byte) = self.byte_buf.pop_front() {
       self.parser.advance(&mut self.collector, &[byte]);
       if let Some(key) = self.collector.pop() {
@@ -567,7 +639,7 @@ impl KeyReader for PollReader {
               continue;
             }
           }
-					_ => return Ok(Some(key))
+          _ => return Ok(Some(key)),
         }
       }
     }

src/readline/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+#![allow(non_snake_case)]
+use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+
+use crate::{
+  readline::{Prompt, ShedVi, annotate_input},
+  testutil::TestGuard,
+};
+
+fn assert_annotated(input: &str, expected: &str) {
+  let result = annotate_input(input);
+  assert_eq!(result, expected, "\nInput: {input:?}");
+}
+
+/// Tests for our vim logic emulation. Each test consists of an initial text, a sequence of keys to feed, and the expected final text and cursor position.
+macro_rules! vi_test {
+    { $($name:ident: $input:expr => $op:expr => $expected_text:expr,$expected_cursor:expr);* } => {
+				$(
+						#[test]
+						fn $name() {
+							let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi($input);
+							vi.feed_bytes(b"\x1b"); // Start in normal mode
+							vi.process_input().unwrap();
+
+							vi.feed_bytes($op.as_bytes());
+							vi.process_input().unwrap();
+							assert_eq!(vi.editor.as_str(), $expected_text);
+							assert_eq!(vi.editor.cursor.get(), $expected_cursor);
+						}
+				)*
+
+    };
+}
+
+// ===================== Annotation Tests =====================
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_simple_command() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello", "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "ls | grep foo",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo foo && echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e104}&&\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_output() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello > file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_append() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello >> file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_input() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat < file.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_fd_redirect() {
+  assert_annotated("cmd 2>&1", "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>&1\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $HOME",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$HOME\u{e10d}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_brace_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo ${HOME}",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}${HOME}\u{e10d}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $(ls)",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(ls)\u{e10f}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_single_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo 'hello world'",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e114}'hello world'\u{e115}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_double_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo \"hello world\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello world\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment() {
+  assert_annotated("FOO=bar", "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment_with_command() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "FOO=bar echo hello",
+    "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_if_statement() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "if true; then echo yes; fi",
+    "\u{e103}if\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}then\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}yes\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}fi\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_for_loop() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "for i in a b c; do echo $i; done",
+    "\u{e103}for\u{e11a} \u{e102}i\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e102}a\u{e11a} \u{e102}b\u{e11a} \u{e102}c\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$i\u{e10d}\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_while_loop() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "while true; do echo hello; done",
+    "\u{e103}while\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_case_statement() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "case foo in bar) echo bar;; esac",
+    "\u{e103}case\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e104}bar\u{e109})\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}\u{e108};; \u{e11a}\u{e103}esac\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_brace_group() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "{ echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_comment() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello # this is a comment",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e106}# this is a comment\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_semicolon_sep() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo foo; echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_escaped_char() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello\\ world",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\\ world\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_glob() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "ls *.txt",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e117}*\u{e11a}.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_heredoc_operator() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat <<EOF",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<\u{e11a}\u{e102}EOF\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_herestring_operator() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat <<< hello",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<<\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_nested_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $(echo $(ls))",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(echo $(ls))\u{e10f}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_var_in_double_quotes() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo \"hello $USER\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello \u{e10c}$USER\u{e10d}\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_func_def() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "foo() { echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e103}foo()\u{e11a} \u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_negate() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "! echo hello",
+    "\u{e104}!\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_or_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "false || echo fallback",
+    "\u{e101}false\u{e11a} \u{e104}||\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}fallback\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_complex_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat file.txt | grep pattern | wc -l",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}pattern\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}wc\u{e11a} \u{e102}-l\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_multiple_redirects() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cmd > out.txt 2> err.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}out.txt\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>\u{e11a} \u{e102}err.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+// ===================== Vi Tests =====================
+
+fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
+  let g = TestGuard::new();
+  let prompt = Prompt::default();
+  let vi = ShedVi::new_no_hist(prompt, g.pty_slave().as_raw_fd())
+    .unwrap()
+    .with_initial(initial);
+
+  (vi, g)
+}
+
+// Why can't I marry a programming language
+vi_test! {
+  vi_dw_basic          : "hello world"            => "dw"           => "world", 0;
+  vi_dw_middle         : "one two three"          => "wdw"          => "one three", 4;
+  vi_dd_whole_line     : "hello world"            => "dd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_x_single          : "hello"                  => "x"            => "ello", 0;
+  vi_x_middle          : "hello"                  => "llx"          => "helo", 2;
+  vi_X_backdelete      : "hello"                  => "llX"          => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_h_motion          : "hello"                  => "$h"           => "hello", 3;
+  vi_l_motion          : "hello"                  => "l"            => "hello", 1;
+  vi_h_at_start        : "hello"                  => "h"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_l_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$l"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_w_forward         : "one two three"          => "w"            => "one two three", 4;
+  vi_b_backward        : "one two three"          => "$b"           => "one two three", 8;
+  vi_e_end             : "one two three"          => "e"            => "one two three", 2;
+  vi_ge_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$ge"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_w_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "w"            => "foo.bar baz", 3;
+  vi_e_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "e"            => "foo.bar baz", 2;
+  vi_b_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "$b"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_w_at_eol          : "hello"                  => "$w"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_b_at_bol          : "hello"                  => "b"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_W_forward         : "foo.bar baz"            => "W"            => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_B_backward        : "foo.bar baz"            => "$B"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_E_end             : "foo.bar baz"            => "E"            => "foo.bar baz", 6;
+  vi_gE_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$gE"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_W_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "W"            => "one-two three", 8;
+  vi_B_skip_punct      : "one two-three"          => "$B"           => "one two-three", 4;
+  vi_E_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "E"            => "one-two three", 6;
+  vi_dW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "dW"           => "baz", 0;
+  vi_cW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "cWx\x1b"      => "x baz", 0;
+  vi_zero_bol          : "  hello"                => "$0"           => "  hello", 0;
+  vi_caret_first_char  : "  hello"                => "$^"           => "  hello", 2;
+  vi_dollar_eol        : "hello world"            => "$"            => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_g_last_nonws      : "hello   "               => "g_"           => "hello   ", 4;
+  vi_g_no_trailing     : "hello"                  => "g_"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_pipe_column       : "hello world"            => "6|"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_pipe_col1         : "hello world"            => "1|"           => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_I_insert_front    : "  hello"                => "Iworld \x1b"  => "  world hello", 7;
+  vi_A_append_end      : "hello"                  => "A world\x1b"  => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_f_find            : "hello world"            => "fo"           => "hello world", 4;
+  vi_F_find_back       : "hello world"            => "$Fo"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_t_till            : "hello world"            => "tw"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_T_till_back       : "hello world"            => "$To"          => "hello world", 8;
+  vi_f_no_match        : "hello"                  => "fz"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_semicolon_repeat  : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_comma_reverse     : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;,"        => "abcabc", 0;
+  vi_df_semicolon      : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;dfa"      => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_t_at_target       : "aab"                    => "lta"          => "aab", 1;
+  vi_D_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wD"           => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d_dollar          : "hello world"            => "wd$"          => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "$d0"          => "d", 0;
+  vi_dw_multiple       : "one two three"          => "d2w"          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dt_char           : "hello world"            => "dtw"          => "world", 0;
+  vi_df_char           : "hello world"            => "dfw"          => "orld", 0;
+  vi_dh_back           : "hello"                  => "lldh"         => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_dl_forward        : "hello"                  => "dl"           => "ello", 0;
+  vi_dge_back_end      : "one two three"          => "$dge"         => "one tw", 5;
+  vi_dG_to_end         : "hello world"            => "dG"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dgg_to_start      : "hello world"            => "$dgg"         => "", 0;
+  vi_d_semicolon       : "abcabc"                 => "fad;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_cw_basic          : "hello world"            => "cwfoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_C_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wCfoo\x1b"    => "hello foo", 8;
+  vi_cc_whole          : "hello world"            => "ccfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ct_char           : "hello world"            => "ctwfoo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_s_single          : "hello"                  => "sfoo\x1b"     => "fooello", 2;
+  vi_S_whole_line      : "hello world"            => "Sfoo\x1b"     => "foo", 2;
+  vi_cl_forward        : "hello"                  => "clX\x1b"      => "Xello", 0;
+  vi_ch_backward       : "hello"                  => "llchX\x1b"    => "hXllo", 1;
+  vi_cb_word_back      : "hello world"            => "$cbfoo\x1b"   => "hello food", 8;
+  vi_ce_word_end       : "hello world"            => "cefoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_c0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "wc0foo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_yw_p_basic        : "hello world"            => "ywwP"         => "hello hello world", 11;
+  vi_dw_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "dwP"          => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_dd_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "ddp"          => "\nhello world", 1;
+  vi_y_dollar_p        : "hello world"            => "wy$P"         => "hello worldworld", 10;
+  vi_ye_p              : "hello world"            => "yewP"         => "hello helloworld", 10;
+  vi_yy_p              : "hello world"            => "yyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_Y_p               : "hello world"            => "Yp"           => "hhello worldello world", 11;
+  vi_p_after_x         : "hello"                  => "xp"           => "ehllo", 1;
+  vi_P_before          : "hello"                  => "llxP"         => "hello", 2;
+  vi_paste_empty       : "hello"                  => "p"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_r_replace         : "hello"                  => "ra"           => "aello", 0;
+  vi_r_middle          : "hello"                  => "llra"         => "healo", 2;
+  vi_r_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$ra"          => "hella", 4;
+  vi_r_space           : "hello"                  => "r "           => " ello", 0;
+  vi_r_with_count      : "hello"                  => "3rx"          => "xxxlo", 2;
+  vi_tilde_single      : "hello"                  => "~"            => "Hello", 1;
+  vi_tilde_count       : "hello"                  => "3~"           => "HELlo", 3;
+  vi_tilde_at_end      : "HELLO"                  => "$~"           => "HELLo", 4;
+  vi_tilde_mixed       : "hElLo"                  => "5~"           => "HeLlO", 4;
+  vi_gu_word           : "HELLO world"            => "guw"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_word           : "hello WORLD"            => "gUw"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_dollar         : "HELLO WORLD"            => "gu$"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_dollar         : "hello world"            => "gU$"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_0              : "HELLO WORLD"            => "$gu0"         => "hello worlD", 0;
+  vi_gU_0              : "hello world"            => "$gU0"         => "HELLO WORLd", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_word       : "hello WORLD"            => "g~w"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_dollar     : "hello WORLD"            => "g~$"          => "HELLO world", 0;
+  vi_diw_inner         : "one two three"          => "wdiw"         => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ciw_replace       : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1b"   => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_daw_around        : "one two three"          => "wdaw"         => "one three", 4;
+  vi_yiw_p             : "hello world"            => "yiwAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello", 17;
+  vi_diW_big_inner     : "one-two three"          => "diW"          => " three", 0;
+  vi_daW_big_around    : "one two-three end"      => "wdaW"         => "one end", 4;
+  vi_ciW_big           : "one-two three"          => "ciWx\x1b"     => "x three", 0;
+  vi_di_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"di\""      => "one \"\" three", 5;
+  vi_da_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"da\""      => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'di'"        => "one '' three", 5;
+  vi_da_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'da'"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_di_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`di`"        => "one `` three", 5;
+  vi_da_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`da`"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote_empty   : "one \"\" three"         => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(di("        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_da_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(da("        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ci_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(ci(x\x1b"   => "one (x) three", 5;
+  vi_di_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{di{"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_da_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{da{"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[di["        => "one [] three", 5;
+  vi_da_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[da["        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<di<"        => "one <> three", 5;
+  vi_da_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<da<"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_paren_nested   : "fn(a, (b, c))"          => "f(di("        => "fn()", 3;
+  vi_di_paren_empty    : "fn() end"               => "f(di("        => "fn() end", 3;
+  vi_dib_alias         : "one (two) three"        => "f(dib"        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_diB_alias         : "one {two} three"        => "f{diB"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_percent_paren     : "(hello) world"          => "%"            => "(hello) world", 6;
+  vi_percent_brace     : "{hello} world"          => "%"            => "{hello} world", 6;
+  vi_percent_bracket   : "[hello] world"          => "%"            => "[hello] world", 6;
+  vi_percent_from_close: "(hello) world"          => "f)%"          => "(hello) world", 0;
+  vi_d_percent_paren   : "(hello) world"          => "d%"           => " world", 0;
+  vi_i_insert          : "hello"                  => "iX\x1b"       => "Xhello", 0;
+  vi_a_append          : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_I_front           : "  hello"                => "IX\x1b"       => "  Xhello", 2;
+  vi_A_end             : "hello"                  => "AX\x1b"       => "helloX", 5;
+  vi_o_open_below      : "hello"                  => "oworld\x1b"   => "hello\nworld", 10;
+  vi_O_open_above      : "hello"                  => "Oworld\x1b"   => "world\nhello", 4;
+  vi_empty_input       : ""                       => "i hello\x1b"  => " hello", 5;
+  vi_insert_escape     : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_ctrl_w_del_word   : "hello world"            => "A\x17\x1b"    => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_ctrl_h_backspace  : "hello"                  => "A\x08\x1b"    => "hell", 3;
+  vi_u_undo_delete     : "hello world"            => "dwu"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_change     : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1bu"  => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_x          : "hello"                  => "xu"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_ctrl_r_redo       : "hello"                  => "xu\x12"       => "ello", 0;
+  vi_u_multiple        : "hello world"            => "xdwu"         => "ello world", 0;
+  vi_redo_after_undo   : "hello world"            => "dwu\x12"      => "world", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_x      : "hello"                  => "x."           => "llo", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_dw     : "one two three"          => "dw."          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_cw     : "one two three"          => "cwfoo\x1bw."  => "foo foo three", 6;
+  vi_dot_repeat_r      : "hello"                  => "ra.."         => "aello", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_s      : "hello"                  => "sX\x1bl."     => "XXllo", 1;
+  vi_count_h           : "hello world"            => "$3h"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_count_l           : "hello world"            => "3l"           => "hello world", 3;
+  vi_count_w           : "one two three four"     => "2w"           => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_b           : "one two three four"     => "$2b"          => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_x           : "hello"                  => "3x"           => "lo", 0;
+  vi_count_dw          : "one two three four"     => "2dw"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_verb_count_motion : "one two three four"     => "d2w"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_count_s           : "hello"                  => "3sX\x1b"      => "Xlo", 0;
+  vi_indent_line       : "hello"                  => ">>"           => "\thello", 1;
+  vi_dedent_line       : "\thello"                => "<<"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_indent_double     : "hello"                  => ">>>>"         => "\t\thello", 2;
+  vi_J_join_lines      : "hello\nworld"           => "J"            => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_v_u_lower         : "HELLO"                  => "vlllu"        => "hellO", 0;
+  vi_v_U_upper         : "hello"                  => "vlllU"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_v_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwd"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_x_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwx"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_c_change        : "hello world"            => "vwcfoo\x1b"   => "fooorld", 2;
+  vi_v_y_p_yank        : "hello world"            => "vwyAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello w", 19;
+  vi_v_dollar_d        : "hello world"            => "wv$d"         => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_v_0_d             : "hello world"            => "$v0d"         => "", 0;
+  vi_ve_d              : "hello world"            => "ved"          => " world", 0;
+  vi_v_o_swap          : "hello world"            => "vllod"        => "lo world", 0;
+  vi_v_r_replace       : "hello"                  => "vlllrx"       => "xxxxo", 0;
+  vi_v_tilde_case      : "hello"                  => "vlll~"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_V_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "Vd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_V_y_p             : "hello world"            => "Vyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_V_S_change        : "hello world"            => "VSfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ctrl_a_inc        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x01"        => "num 6 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_dec        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num 4 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_negative   : "num -3 end"             => "w\x01"        => "num -2 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_to_neg     : "num 0 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num -1 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_count      : "num 5 end"              => "w3\x01"       => "num 8 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_width      : "num -00001 end"         => "w\x01"        => "num 00000 end", 4;
+  vi_delete_empty      : ""                       => "x"            => "", 0;
+  vi_undo_on_empty     : ""                       => "u"            => "", 0;
+  vi_w_single_char     : "a b c"                  => "w"            => "a b c", 2;
+  vi_dw_last_word      : "hello"                  => "dw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dollar_single     : "h"                      => "$"            => "h", 0;
+  vi_caret_no_ws       : "hello"                  => "$^"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_f_last_char       : "hello"                  => "fo"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_r_on_space        : "hello world"            => "5|r-"         => "hell- world", 4;
+  vi_vw_doesnt_crash   : ""        					      => "vw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_indent_cursor_pos : "echo foo"               => ">>"           => "\techo foo", 1;
+  vi_join_indent_lines : "echo foo\n\t\techo bar" => "J"        => "echo foo echo bar", 8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vi_auto_indent() {
+  let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+
+  // Type each line and press Enter separately so auto-indent triggers
+  let lines = [
+    "func() {",
+    "case foo in",
+    "bar)",
+    "while true; do",
+    "echo foo \\\rbar \\\rbiz \\\rbazz\rbreak\rdone\r;;\resac\r}",
+  ];
+
+  for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+    vi.feed_bytes(line.as_bytes());
+    if i != lines.len() - 1 {
+      vi.feed_bytes(b"\r");
+    }
+    vi.process_input().unwrap();
+  }
+
+  assert_eq!(
+    vi.editor.as_str(),
+    "func() {\n\tcase foo in\n\t\tbar)\n\t\t\twhile true; do\n\t\t\t\techo foo \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbar \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbiz \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbazz\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\tdone\n\t\t;;\n\tesac\n}"
+  );
+}

src/readline/vicmd.rs

@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ pub enum Motion {
   HalfOfScreen,
   HalfOfScreenLineText,
   WholeBuffer,
-  BeginningOfBuffer,
+  StartOfBuffer,
   EndOfBuffer,
   ToColumn,
   ToDelimMatch,

src/readline/vimode/insert.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ impl ViInsert {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self::default()
   }
+  pub fn record_cmd(mut self, cmd: ViCmd) -> Self {
+    self.cmds.push(cmd);
+    self
+  }
   pub fn with_count(mut self, repeat_count: u16) -> Self {
     self.repeat_count = repeat_count;
     self
@@ -62,7 +66,9 @@ impl ViMode for ViInsert {
         flags: Default::default(),
       }),
       E(K::Verbatim(seq), _) => {
-				self.pending_cmd.set_verb(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(seq.to_string())));
+        self
+          .pending_cmd
+          .set_verb(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(seq.to_string())));
         self.register_and_return()
       }
       E(K::Char('W'), M::CTRL) => {

src/readline/vimode/normal.rs

@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl ViNormal {
             'g' => {
               chars_clone.next();
               chars = chars_clone;
-              break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::BeginningOfBuffer));
+              break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::StartOfBuffer));
             }
             'e' => {
               chars = chars_clone;

src/readline/vimode/verbatim.rs

@@ -4,19 +4,11 @@ use crate::readline::vicmd::{CmdFlags, RegisterName, To, Verb, VerbCmd, ViCmd};
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ViVerbatim {
-	pending_seq: String,
   sent_cmd: Vec<ViCmd>,
   repeat_count: u16,
-	read_one: bool
 }
 
 impl ViVerbatim {
-	pub fn read_one() -> Self {
-		Self {
-			read_one: true,
-			..Self::default()
-		}
-	}
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self::default()
   }
@@ -31,7 +23,7 @@ impl ViVerbatim {
 impl ViMode for ViVerbatim {
   fn handle_key(&mut self, key: E) -> Option<ViCmd> {
     match key {
-      E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) if self.read_one => {
+      E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) => {
         log::debug!("Received verbatim key sequence: {:?}", seq);
         let cmd = ViCmd {
           register: RegisterName::default(),
@@ -43,22 +35,6 @@ impl ViMode for ViVerbatim {
         self.sent_cmd.push(cmd.clone());
         Some(cmd)
       }
-			E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) => {
-				self.pending_seq.push_str(&seq);
-				None
-			}
-			E(K::BracketedPasteEnd, _mods) => {
-				log::debug!("Received verbatim paste: {:?}", self.pending_seq);
-				let cmd = ViCmd {
-					register: RegisterName::default(),
-					verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(self.pending_seq.clone()))),
-					motion: None,
-					raw_seq: std::mem::take(&mut self.pending_seq),
-					flags: CmdFlags::EXIT_CUR_MODE,
-				};
-				self.sent_cmd.push(cmd.clone());
-				Some(cmd)
-			}
       _ => common_cmds(key),
     }
   }

src/readline/vimode/visual.rs

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl ViVisual {
           let ch = chars_clone.next()?;
           return Some(ViCmd {
             register,
-            verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::ReplaceChar(ch))),
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::ReplaceCharInplace(ch, 1))),
             motion: None,
             raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
             flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
@@ -237,6 +237,24 @@ impl ViVisual {
             flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
           });
         }
+        's' => {
+          return Some(ViCmd {
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Delete)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
+        }
+        'S' => {
+          return Some(ViCmd {
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Change)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
+        }
         'U' => {
           return Some(ViCmd {
             register,
@@ -283,8 +301,13 @@ impl ViVisual {
           });
         }
         'y' => {
-          chars = chars_clone;
+          return Some(ViCmd {
-          break 'verb_parse Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Yank));
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Yank)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
         }
         'd' => {
           chars = chars_clone;
@@ -335,7 +358,7 @@ impl ViVisual {
               'g' => {
                 chars_clone.next();
                 chars = chars_clone;
-                break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::BeginningOfBuffer));
+                break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::StartOfBuffer));
               }
               'e' => {
                 chars_clone.next();

src/shopt.rs

@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ pub struct ShOptCore {
   pub bell_enabled: bool,
   pub max_recurse_depth: usize,
   pub xpg_echo: bool,
+  pub noclobber: bool,
 }
 
 impl ShOptCore {
@@ -238,6 +239,15 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         };
         self.xpg_echo = val;
       }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<bool>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected 'true' or 'false' for noclobber value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.noclobber = val;
+      }
       _ => {
         return Err(ShErr::simple(
           ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
@@ -304,6 +314,12 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.xpg_echo));
         Ok(Some(output))
       }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let mut output =
+          String::from("Prevent > from overwriting existing files (use >| to override)\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.noclobber));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
       _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
         ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
         format!("shopt: Unexpected 'core' option '{query}'"),
@@ -327,6 +343,7 @@ impl Display for ShOptCore {
     output.push(format!("bell_enabled = {}", self.bell_enabled));
     output.push(format!("max_recurse_depth = {}", self.max_recurse_depth));
     output.push(format!("xpg_echo = {}", self.xpg_echo));
+    output.push(format!("noclobber = {}", self.noclobber));
 
     let final_output = output.join("\n");
 
@@ -346,6 +363,7 @@ impl Default for ShOptCore {
       bell_enabled: true,
       max_recurse_depth: 1000,
       xpg_echo: false,
+      noclobber: false,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -360,6 +378,8 @@ pub struct ShOptPrompt {
   pub linebreak_on_incomplete: bool,
   pub leader: String,
   pub line_numbers: bool,
+  pub screensaver_cmd: String,
+  pub screensaver_idle_time: usize,
 }
 
 impl ShOptPrompt {
@@ -431,6 +451,18 @@ impl ShOptPrompt {
         };
         self.line_numbers = val;
       }
+      "screensaver_cmd" => {
+        self.screensaver_cmd = val.to_string();
+      }
+      "screensaver_idle_time" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<usize>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected a positive integer for screensaver_idle_time value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.screensaver_idle_time = val;
+      }
       "custom" => {
         todo!()
       }
@@ -496,6 +528,17 @@ impl ShOptPrompt {
         output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.line_numbers));
         Ok(Some(output))
       }
+      "screensaver_cmd" => {
+        let mut output = String::from("Command to execute as a screensaver after idle timeout\n");
+        output.push_str(&self.screensaver_cmd);
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
+      "screensaver_idle_time" => {
+        let mut output =
+          String::from("Idle time in seconds before running screensaver_cmd (0 = disabled)\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.screensaver_idle_time));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
       _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
         ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
         format!("shopt: Unexpected 'prompt' option '{query}'"),
@@ -519,6 +562,11 @@ impl Display for ShOptPrompt {
     ));
     output.push(format!("leader = {}", self.leader));
     output.push(format!("line_numbers = {}", self.line_numbers));
+    output.push(format!("screensaver_cmd = {}", self.screensaver_cmd));
+    output.push(format!(
+      "screensaver_idle_time = {}",
+      self.screensaver_idle_time
+    ));
 
     let final_output = output.join("\n");
 
@@ -537,6 +585,8 @@ impl Default for ShOptPrompt {
       linebreak_on_incomplete: true,
       leader: "\\".to_string(),
       line_numbers: true,
+      screensaver_cmd: String::new(),
+      screensaver_idle_time: 0,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -548,9 +598,16 @@ mod tests {
   #[test]
   fn all_core_fields_covered() {
     let ShOptCore {
-          dotglob, autocd, hist_ignore_dupes, max_hist,
+      dotglob,
-          interactive_comments, auto_hist, bell_enabled, max_recurse_depth,
+      autocd,
+      hist_ignore_dupes,
+      max_hist,
+      interactive_comments,
+      auto_hist,
+      bell_enabled,
+      max_recurse_depth,
       xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
     } = ShOptCore::default();
     // If a field is added to the struct, this destructure fails to compile.
     let _ = (
@@ -563,6 +620,7 @@ mod tests {
       bell_enabled,
       max_recurse_depth,
       xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
     );
   }
 

src/state.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 use std::{
-  cell::RefCell, collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque, hash_map::Entry}, fmt::Display, ops::{BitAnd, BitAndAssign, BitOr, BitOrAssign}, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt, str::FromStr, time::Duration
+  cell::RefCell,
+  collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque, hash_map::Entry},
+  fmt::Display,
+  ops::{BitAnd, BitAndAssign, BitOr, BitOrAssign},
+  os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt,
+  str::FromStr,
+  time::Duration,
 };
 
 use nix::unistd::{User, gethostname, getppid};
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ thread_local! {
   pub static SHED: Shed = Shed::new();
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone,Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Shed {
   pub jobs: RefCell<JobTab>,
   pub var_scopes: RefCell<ScopeStack>,
@@ -315,6 +321,34 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     };
     scope.set_var(var_name, val, flags)
   }
+  pub fn get_magic_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    match var_name {
+      "SECONDS" => {
+        let shell_time = read_meta(|m| m.shell_time());
+        let secs = Instant::now().duration_since(shell_time).as_secs();
+        Some(secs.to_string())
+      }
+      "EPOCHREALTIME" => {
+        let epoch = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+          .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+          .unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(0))
+          .as_secs_f64();
+        Some(epoch.to_string())
+      }
+      "EPOCHSECONDS" => {
+        let epoch = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+          .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+          .unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(0))
+          .as_secs();
+        Some(epoch.to_string())
+      }
+      "RANDOM" => {
+        let random = rand::random_range(0..32768);
+        Some(random.to_string())
+      }
+      _ => None,
+    }
+  }
   pub fn get_arr_elems(&self, var_name: &str) -> ShResult<Vec<String>> {
     for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
       if scope.var_exists(var_name)
@@ -440,7 +474,9 @@ impl ScopeStack {
   pub fn try_get_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
     // This version of get_var() is mainly used internally
     // so that we have access to Option methods
-    if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
+    if let Some(magic) = self.get_magic_var(var_name) {
+      return Some(magic);
+    } else if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
       let val = self.get_param(param);
       if !val.is_empty() {
         return Some(val);
@@ -463,6 +499,9 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     var
   }
   pub fn get_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> String {
+    if let Some(magic) = self.get_magic_var(var_name) {
+      return magic;
+    }
     if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
       return self.get_param(param);
     }
@@ -495,7 +534,10 @@ impl ScopeStack {
       return val.clone();
     }
     // Positional params are scope-local; only check the current scope
-    if matches!(param, ShellParam::Pos(_) | ShellParam::AllArgs | ShellParam::AllArgsStr | ShellParam::ArgCount) {
+    if matches!(
+      param,
+      ShellParam::Pos(_) | ShellParam::AllArgs | ShellParam::AllArgsStr | ShellParam::ArgCount
+    ) {
       if let Some(scope) = self.scopes.last() {
         return scope.get_param(param);
       }
@@ -978,19 +1020,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_var_from {
 }
 
 impl_var_from!(
-	i8,
+  i8, i16, i32, i64, isize, u8, u16, u32, u64, usize, String, &str, bool
-	i16,
-	i32,
-	i64,
-	isize,
-	u8,
-	u16,
-	u32,
-	u64,
-	usize,
-	String,
-	&str,
-	bool
 );
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
@@ -1012,7 +1042,7 @@ impl VarTab {
     }
   }
   pub fn new() -> Self {
-    let vars = HashMap::new();
+    let vars = Self::init_sh_vars();
     let params = Self::init_params();
     Self::init_env();
     let mut var_tab = Self {
@@ -1031,6 +1061,11 @@ impl VarTab {
     params.insert(ShellParam::LastJob, "".into()); // PID of the last background job (if any)
     params
   }
+  fn init_sh_vars() -> HashMap<String, Var> {
+    let mut vars = HashMap::new();
+    vars.insert("COMP_WORDBREAKS".into(), " \t\n\"'@><=;|&(".into());
+    vars
+  }
   fn init_env() {
     let pathbuf_to_string =
       |pb: Result<PathBuf, std::io::Error>| pb.unwrap_or_default().to_string_lossy().to_string();
@@ -1295,6 +1330,15 @@ impl VarTab {
         .get(&ShellParam::Status)
         .map(|s| s.to_string())
         .unwrap_or("0".into()),
+      ShellParam::AllArgsStr => {
+        let ifs = get_separator();
+        self
+          .params
+          .get(&ShellParam::AllArgs)
+          .map(|s| s.replace(markers::ARG_SEP, &ifs).to_string())
+          .unwrap_or_default()
+      }
+
       _ => self
         .params
         .get(&param)
@@ -1305,8 +1349,11 @@ impl VarTab {
 }
 
 /// A table of metadata for the shell
-#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct MetaTab {
+  // Time when the shell was started, used for calculating shell uptime
+  shell_time: Instant,
+
   // command running duration
   runtime_start: Option<Instant>,
   runtime_stop: Option<Instant>,
@@ -1331,6 +1378,25 @@ pub struct MetaTab {
   pending_widget_keys: Vec<KeyEvent>,
 }
 
+impl Default for MetaTab {
+  fn default() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      shell_time: Instant::now(),
+      runtime_start: None,
+      runtime_stop: None,
+      system_msg: vec![],
+      dir_stack: VecDeque::new(),
+      getopts_offset: 0,
+      old_path: None,
+      old_pwd: None,
+      path_cache: HashSet::new(),
+      cwd_cache: HashSet::new(),
+      comp_specs: HashMap::new(),
+      pending_widget_keys: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 impl MetaTab {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self {
@@ -1338,6 +1404,9 @@ impl MetaTab {
       ..Default::default()
     }
   }
+  pub fn shell_time(&self) -> Instant {
+    self.shell_time
+  }
   pub fn set_pending_widget_keys(&mut self, keys: &str) {
     let exp = expand_keymap(keys);
     self.pending_widget_keys = exp;
@@ -1782,6 +1851,15 @@ pub fn change_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(dir: P) -> ShResult<()> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn get_separator() -> String {
+  env::var("IFS")
+    .unwrap_or(String::from(" "))
+    .chars()
+    .next()
+    .unwrap()
+    .to_string()
+}
+
 pub fn get_status() -> i32 {
   read_vars(|v| v.get_param(ShellParam::Status))
     .parse::<i32>()

src/testutil.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use std::{
-	collections::HashMap,
+  collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
   env,
-	os::fd::{AsRawFd, OwnedFd},
+  os::fd::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd},
   path::PathBuf,
-	sync::{self, MutexGuard},
+  sync::{self, Arc, MutexGuard},
 };
 
 use nix::{
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@ use nix::{
 };
 
 use crate::{
+  expand::expand_aliases,
   libsh::error::ShResult,
-	parse::{Redir, RedirType, execute::exec_input},
+  parse::{ParsedSrc, Redir, RedirType, execute::exec_input, lex::LexFlags},
   procio::{IoFrame, IoMode, RedirGuard},
-	state::{MetaTab, SHED},
+  readline::register::{restore_registers, save_registers},
+  state::{MetaTab, SHED, read_logic},
 };
 
 static TEST_MUTEX: sync::Mutex<()> = sync::Mutex::new(());
@@ -41,9 +43,9 @@ pub struct TestGuard {
   old_cwd: PathBuf,
   saved_env: HashMap<String, String>,
   pty_master: OwnedFd,
-	_pty_slave: OwnedFd,
+  pty_slave: OwnedFd,
 
-	cleanups: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>
+  cleanups: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>,
 }
 
 impl TestGuard {
@@ -51,56 +53,55 @@ impl TestGuard {
     let _lock = TEST_MUTEX.lock().unwrap();
 
     let pty = openpty(None, None).unwrap();
-		let (pty_master,pty_slave) = (pty.master, pty.slave);
+    let (pty_master, pty_slave) = (pty.master, pty.slave);
     let mut attrs = tcgetattr(&pty_slave).unwrap();
     attrs.output_flags &= !OutputFlags::ONLCR;
     tcsetattr(&pty_slave, SetArg::TCSANOW, &attrs).unwrap();
 
     let mut frame = IoFrame::new();
-		frame.push(
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
-			Redir::new(
       IoMode::Fd {
         tgt_fd: 0,
         src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
       },
       RedirType::Input,
-			),
+    ));
-		);
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
-		frame.push(
-			Redir::new(
       IoMode::Fd {
         tgt_fd: 1,
         src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
       },
       RedirType::Output,
-			),
+    ));
-		);
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
-		frame.push(
-			Redir::new(
       IoMode::Fd {
         tgt_fd: 2,
         src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
       },
       RedirType::Output,
-			),
+    ));
-		);
 
     let _redir_guard = frame.redirect().unwrap();
 
     let old_cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
     let saved_env = env::vars().collect();
     SHED.with(|s| s.save());
+    save_registers();
     Self {
       _lock,
       _redir_guard,
       old_cwd,
       saved_env,
       pty_master,
-			_pty_slave: pty_slave,
+      pty_slave,
       cleanups: vec![],
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn pty_slave(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+    unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.pty_slave.as_raw_fd()) }
+  }
+
   pub fn add_cleanup(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce() + 'static) {
     self.cleanups.push(Box::new(f));
   }
@@ -111,10 +112,11 @@ impl TestGuard {
     fcntl(
       self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(),
       FcntlArg::F_SETFL(flags | OFlag::O_NONBLOCK),
-		).unwrap();
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 
     let mut out = vec![];
-		let mut buf = [0;4096];
+    let mut buf = [0; 4096];
     loop {
       match read(self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(), &mut buf) {
         Ok(0) => break,
@@ -123,10 +125,7 @@ impl TestGuard {
       }
     }
 
-		fcntl(
+    fcntl(self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(), FcntlArg::F_SETFL(flags)).unwrap();
-			self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(),
-			FcntlArg::F_SETFL(flags),
-		).unwrap();
 
     String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).to_string()
   }
@@ -142,14 +141,133 @@ impl Drop for TestGuard {
   fn drop(&mut self) {
     env::set_current_dir(&self.old_cwd).ok();
     for (k, _) in env::vars() {
-			unsafe { env::remove_var(&k); }
+      unsafe {
+        env::remove_var(&k);
+      }
     }
     for (k, v) in &self.saved_env {
-			unsafe { env::set_var(k, v); }
+      unsafe {
+        env::set_var(k, v);
+      }
     }
     for cleanup in self.cleanups.drain(..).rev() {
       cleanup();
     }
     SHED.with(|s| s.restore());
+    restore_registers();
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn get_ast(input: &str) -> ShResult<Vec<crate::parse::Node>> {
+  let log_tab = read_logic(|l| l.clone());
+  let input = expand_aliases(input.into(), HashSet::new(), &log_tab);
+
+  let source_name = "test_input".to_string();
+  let mut parser = ParsedSrc::new(Arc::new(input))
+    .with_lex_flags(LexFlags::empty())
+    .with_name(source_name.clone());
+
+  parser
+    .parse_src()
+    .map_err(|e| e.into_iter().next().unwrap())?;
+
+  Ok(parser.extract_nodes())
+}
+
+impl crate::parse::Node {
+  pub fn assert_structure(
+    &mut self,
+    expected: &mut impl Iterator<Item = NdKind>,
+  ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut full_structure = vec![];
+    let mut before = vec![];
+    let mut after = vec![];
+    let mut offender = None;
+
+    self.walk_tree(&mut |s| {
+      let expected_rule = expected.next();
+      full_structure.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+
+      if offender.is_none()
+        && expected_rule
+          .as_ref()
+          .is_none_or(|e| *e != s.class.as_nd_kind())
+      {
+        offender = Some((s.class.as_nd_kind(), expected_rule));
+      } else if offender.is_none() {
+        before.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+      } else {
+        after.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert!(
+      expected.next().is_none(),
+      "Expected structure has more nodes than actual structure"
+    );
+
+    if let Some((nd_kind, expected_rule)) = offender {
+      let expected_rule = expected_rule.map_or("(none — expected array too short)".into(), |e| {
+        format!("{e:?}")
+      });
+      let full_structure_hint = full_structure
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| format!("\tNdKind::{s:?},"))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+      let full_structure_hint =
+        format!("let expected = &mut [\n{full_structure_hint}\n].into_iter();");
+
+      let output = [
+        "Structure assertion failed!\n".into(),
+        format!(
+          "Expected node type '{:?}', found '{:?}'",
+          expected_rule, nd_kind
+        ),
+        format!("Before offender: {:?}", before),
+        format!("After offender: {:?}\n", after),
+        format!("hint: here is the full structure as an array\n {full_structure_hint}"),
+      ]
+      .join("\n");
+
+      Err(output)
+    } else {
+      Ok(())
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum NdKind {
+  IfNode,
+  LoopNode,
+  ForNode,
+  CaseNode,
+  Command,
+  Pipeline,
+  Conjunction,
+  Assignment,
+  BraceGrp,
+  Negate,
+  Test,
+  FuncDef,
+}
+
+impl crate::parse::NdRule {
+  pub fn as_nd_kind(&self) -> NdKind {
+    match self {
+      Self::Negate { .. } => NdKind::Negate,
+      Self::IfNode { .. } => NdKind::IfNode,
+      Self::LoopNode { .. } => NdKind::LoopNode,
+      Self::ForNode { .. } => NdKind::ForNode,
+      Self::CaseNode { .. } => NdKind::CaseNode,
+      Self::Command { .. } => NdKind::Command,
+      Self::Pipeline { .. } => NdKind::Pipeline,
+      Self::Conjunction { .. } => NdKind::Conjunction,
+      Self::Assignment { .. } => NdKind::Assignment,
+      Self::BraceGrp { .. } => NdKind::BraceGrp,
+      Self::Test { .. } => NdKind::Test,
+      Self::FuncDef { .. } => NdKind::FuncDef,
+    }
   }
 }

tests/gen_vi_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+-- Generate Rust vi_test! macro invocations using neovim as oracle
+-- Usage: nvim --headless --clean -l tests/gen_vi_tests.lua
+--
+-- Define test cases as { name, input_text, key_sequence }
+-- Key sequences use vim notation: <Esc>, <CR>, <C-w>, etc.
+-- The script executes each in a fresh buffer and captures the result.
+
+local tests = {
+	-- ===================== basic char motions =====================
+	{ "dw_basic",          "hello world",       "dw" },
+	{ "dw_middle",         "one two three",     "wdw" },
+	{ "dd_whole_line",     "hello world",       "dd" },
+	{ "x_single",          "hello",             "x" },
+	{ "x_middle",          "hello",             "llx" },
+	{ "X_backdelete",      "hello",             "llX" },
+	{ "h_motion",          "hello",             "$h" },
+	{ "l_motion",          "hello",             "l" },
+	{ "h_at_start",        "hello",             "h" },
+	{ "l_at_end",          "hello",             "$l" },
+
+	-- ===================== word motions (small) =====================
+	{ "w_forward",         "one two three",     "w" },
+	{ "b_backward",        "one two three",     "$b" },
+	{ "e_end",             "one two three",     "e" },
+	{ "ge_back_end",       "one two three",     "$ge" },
+	{ "w_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "w" },
+	{ "e_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "e" },
+	{ "b_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "$b" },
+	{ "w_at_eol",          "hello",             "$w" },
+	{ "b_at_bol",          "hello",             "b" },
+
+	-- ===================== word motions (big) =====================
+	{ "W_forward",         "foo.bar baz",       "W" },
+	{ "B_backward",        "foo.bar baz",       "$B" },
+	{ "E_end",             "foo.bar baz",       "E" },
+	{ "gE_back_end",       "one two three",     "$gE" },
+	{ "W_skip_punct",      "one-two three",     "W" },
+	{ "B_skip_punct",      "one two-three",     "$B" },
+	{ "E_skip_punct",      "one-two three",     "E" },
+	{ "dW_big",            "foo.bar baz",       "dW" },
+	{ "cW_big",            "foo.bar baz",       "cWx<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== line motions =====================
+	{ "zero_bol",          "  hello",           "$0" },
+	{ "caret_first_char",  "  hello",           "$^" },
+	{ "dollar_eol",        "hello world",       "$" },
+	{ "g_last_nonws",      "hello   ",          "g_" },
+	{ "g_no_trailing",     "hello",             "g_" },
+	{ "pipe_column",       "hello world",       "6|" },
+	{ "pipe_col1",         "hello world",       "1|" },
+	{ "I_insert_front",    "  hello",           "Iworld <Esc>" },
+	{ "A_append_end",      "hello",             "A world<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== find motions =====================
+	{ "f_find",            "hello world",       "fo" },
+	{ "F_find_back",       "hello world",       "$Fo" },
+	{ "t_till",            "hello world",       "tw" },
+	{ "T_till_back",       "hello world",       "$To" },
+	{ "f_no_match",        "hello",             "fz" },
+	{ "semicolon_repeat",  "abcabc",            "fa;;" },
+	{ "comma_reverse",     "abcabc",            "fa;;," },
+	{ "df_semicolon",      "abcabc",            "fa;;dfa" },
+	{ "t_at_target",       "aab",               "lta" },
+
+	-- ===================== delete operations =====================
+	{ "D_to_end",          "hello world",       "wD" },
+	{ "d_dollar",          "hello world",       "wd$" },
+	{ "d0_to_start",       "hello world",       "$d0" },
+	{ "dw_multiple",       "one two three",     "d2w" },
+	{ "dt_char",           "hello world",       "dtw" },
+	{ "df_char",           "hello world",       "dfw" },
+	{ "dh_back",           "hello",             "lldh" },
+	{ "dl_forward",        "hello",             "dl" },
+	{ "dge_back_end",      "one two three",     "$dge" },
+	{ "dG_to_end",         "hello world",       "dG" },
+	{ "dgg_to_start",      "hello world",       "$dgg" },
+	{ "d_semicolon",       "abcabc",            "fad;" },
+
+	-- ===================== change operations =====================
+	{ "cw_basic",          "hello world",       "cwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "C_to_end",          "hello world",       "wCfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "cc_whole",          "hello world",       "ccfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "ct_char",           "hello world",       "ctwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "s_single",          "hello",             "sfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "S_whole_line",      "hello world",       "Sfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "cl_forward",        "hello",             "clX<Esc>" },
+	{ "ch_backward",       "hello",             "llchX<Esc>" },
+	{ "cb_word_back",      "hello world",       "$cbfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "ce_word_end",       "hello world",       "cefoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "c0_to_start",       "hello world",       "wc0foo<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== yank and paste =====================
+	{ "yw_p_basic",        "hello world",       "ywwP" },
+	{ "dw_p_paste",        "hello world",       "dwP" },
+	{ "dd_p_paste",        "hello world",       "ddp" },
+	{ "y_dollar_p",        "hello world",       "wy$P" },
+	{ "ye_p",              "hello world",       "yewP" },
+	{ "yy_p",              "hello world",       "yyp" },
+	{ "Y_p",               "hello world",       "Yp" },
+	{ "p_after_x",         "hello",             "xp" },
+	{ "P_before",          "hello",             "llxP" },
+	{ "paste_empty",       "hello",             "p" },
+
+	-- ===================== replace =====================
+	{ "r_replace",         "hello",             "ra" },
+	{ "r_middle",          "hello",             "llra" },
+	{ "r_at_end",          "hello",             "$ra" },
+	{ "r_space",           "hello",             "r " },
+	{ "r_with_count",      "hello",             "3rx" },
+
+	-- ===================== case operations =====================
+	{ "tilde_single",      "hello",             "~" },
+	{ "tilde_count",       "hello",             "3~" },
+	{ "tilde_at_end",      "HELLO",             "$~" },
+	{ "tilde_mixed",       "hElLo",             "5~" },
+	{ "gu_word",           "HELLO world",       "guw" },
+	{ "gU_word",           "hello WORLD",       "gUw" },
+	{ "gu_dollar",         "HELLO WORLD",       "gu$" },
+	{ "gU_dollar",         "hello world",       "gU$" },
+	{ "gu_0",              "HELLO WORLD",       "$gu0" },
+	{ "gU_0",              "hello world",       "$gU0" },
+	{ "gtilde_word",       "hello WORLD",       "g~w" },
+	{ "gtilde_dollar",     "hello WORLD",       "g~$" },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: word =====================
+	{ "diw_inner",         "one two three",     "wdiw" },
+	{ "ciw_replace",       "hello world",       "ciwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "daw_around",        "one two three",     "wdaw" },
+	{ "yiw_p",             "hello world",       "yiwAp <Esc>p" },
+	{ "diW_big_inner",     "one-two three",     "diW" },
+	{ "daW_big_around",    "one two-three end", "wdaW" },
+	{ "ciW_big",           "one-two three",     "ciWx<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: quotes =====================
+	{ "di_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"di"' },
+	{ "da_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"da"' },
+	{ "ci_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"ci"x<Esc>' },
+	{ "di_squote",         "one 'two' three",   "f'di'" },
+	{ "da_squote",         "one 'two' three",   "f'da'" },
+	{ "di_backtick",       "one `two` three",   "f`di`" },
+	{ "da_backtick",       "one `two` three",   "f`da`" },
+	{ "ci_dquote_empty",   'one "" three',      'f"ci"x<Esc>' },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: delimiters =====================
+	{ "di_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(di(" },
+	{ "da_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(da(" },
+	{ "ci_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(ci(x<Esc>" },
+	{ "di_brace",          "one {two} three",   "f{di{" },
+	{ "da_brace",          "one {two} three",   "f{da{" },
+	{ "di_bracket",        "one [two] three",   "f[di[" },
+	{ "da_bracket",        "one [two] three",   "f[da[" },
+	{ "di_angle",          "one <two> three",   "f<di<" },
+	{ "da_angle",          "one <two> three",   "f<da<" },
+	{ "di_paren_nested",   "fn(a, (b, c))",     "f(di(" },
+	{ "di_paren_empty",    "fn() end",          "f(di(" },
+	{ "dib_alias",         "one (two) three",   "f(dib" },
+	{ "diB_alias",         "one {two} three",   "f{diB" },
+
+	-- ===================== delimiter matching =====================
+	{ "percent_paren",     "(hello) world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_brace",     "{hello} world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_bracket",   "[hello] world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_from_close", "(hello) world",    "f)%" },
+	{ "d_percent_paren",   "(hello) world",     "d%" },
+
+	-- ===================== insert mode entry =====================
+	{ "i_insert",          "hello",             "iX<Esc>" },
+	{ "a_append",          "hello",             "aX<Esc>" },
+	{ "I_front",           "  hello",           "IX<Esc>" },
+	{ "A_end",             "hello",             "AX<Esc>" },
+	{ "o_open_below",      "hello",             "oworld<Esc>" },
+	{ "O_open_above",      "hello",             "Oworld<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== insert mode operations =====================
+	{ "empty_input",       "",                  "i hello<Esc>" },
+	{ "insert_escape",     "hello",             "aX<Esc>" },
+	{ "ctrl_w_del_word",   "hello world",       "A<C-w><Esc>" },
+	{ "ctrl_h_backspace",  "hello",             "A<C-h><Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== undo / redo =====================
+	{ "u_undo_delete",     "hello world",       "dwu" },
+	{ "u_undo_change",     "hello world",       "ciwfoo<Esc>u" },
+	{ "u_undo_x",          "hello",             "xu" },
+	{ "ctrl_r_redo",       "hello",             "xu<C-r>" },
+	{ "u_multiple",        "hello world",       "xdwu" },
+	{ "redo_after_undo",   "hello world",       "dwu<C-r>" },
+
+	-- ===================== dot repeat =====================
+	{ "dot_repeat_x",      "hello",             "x." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_dw",     "one two three",     "dw." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_cw",     "one two three",     "cwfoo<Esc>w." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_r",      "hello",             "ra.." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_s",      "hello",             "sX<Esc>l." },
+
+	-- ===================== counts =====================
+	{ "count_h",           "hello world",       "$3h" },
+	{ "count_l",           "hello world",       "3l" },
+	{ "count_w",           "one two three four", "2w" },
+	{ "count_b",           "one two three four", "$2b" },
+	{ "count_x",           "hello",             "3x" },
+	{ "count_dw",          "one two three four", "2dw" },
+	{ "verb_count_motion", "one two three four", "d2w" },
+	{ "count_s",           "hello",             "3sX<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== indent / dedent =====================
+	{ "indent_line",       "hello",             ">>" },
+	{ "dedent_line",       "\thello",           "<<" },
+	{ "indent_double",     "hello",             ">>>>" },
+
+	-- ===================== join =====================
+	{ "J_join_lines",      "hello\nworld",      "J" },
+
+	-- ===================== case in visual =====================
+	{ "v_u_lower",         "HELLO",             "vlllu" },
+	{ "v_U_upper",         "hello",             "vlllU" },
+
+	-- ===================== visual mode =====================
+	{ "v_d_delete",        "hello world",       "vwwd" },
+	{ "v_x_delete",        "hello world",       "vwwx" },
+	{ "v_c_change",        "hello world",       "vwcfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "v_y_p_yank",        "hello world",       "vwyAp <Esc>p" },
+	{ "v_dollar_d",        "hello world",       "wv$d" },
+	{ "v_0_d",             "hello world",       "$v0d" },
+	{ "ve_d",              "hello world",       "ved" },
+	{ "v_o_swap",          "hello world",       "vllod" },
+	{ "v_r_replace",       "hello",             "vlllrx" },
+	{ "v_tilde_case",      "hello",             "vlll~" },
+
+	-- ===================== visual line mode =====================
+	{ "V_d_delete",        "hello world",       "Vd" },
+	{ "V_y_p",             "hello world",       "Vyp" },
+	{ "V_S_change",        "hello world",       "VSfoo<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== increment / decrement =====================
+	{ "ctrl_a_inc",        "num 5 end",         "w<C-a>" },
+	{ "ctrl_x_dec",        "num 5 end",         "w<C-x>" },
+	{ "ctrl_a_negative",   "num -3 end",        "w<C-a>" },
+	{ "ctrl_x_to_neg",     "num 0 end",         "w<C-x>" },
+	{ "ctrl_a_count",      "num 5 end",         "w3<C-a>" },
+
+	-- ===================== misc / edge cases =====================
+	{ "delete_empty",      "",                  "x" },
+	{ "undo_on_empty",     "",                  "u" },
+	{ "w_single_char",     "a b c",             "w" },
+	{ "dw_last_word",      "hello",             "dw" },
+	{ "dollar_single",     "h",                 "$" },
+	{ "caret_no_ws",       "hello",             "$^" },
+	{ "f_last_char",       "hello",             "fo" },
+	{ "r_on_space",        "hello world",       "5|r-" },
+}
+
+-- Map vim special key names to Rust string escape sequences
+local key_to_bytes = {
+	["<Esc>"]   = "\\x1b",
+	["<CR>"]    = "\\r",
+	["<BS>"]    = "\\x7f",
+	["<Tab>"]   = "\\t",
+	["<Del>"]   = "\\x1b[3~",
+	["<Up>"]    = "\\x1b[A",
+	["<Down>"]  = "\\x1b[B",
+	["<Right>"] = "\\x1b[C",
+	["<Left>"]  = "\\x1b[D",
+	["<Home>"]  = "\\x1b[H",
+	["<End>"]   = "\\x1b[F",
+}
+
+-- Convert vim key notation to Rust string escape sequences
+local function keys_to_rust(keys)
+	local result = keys
+	result = result:gsub("<C%-(.)>", function(ch)
+		local byte = string.byte(ch:lower()) - string.byte('a') + 1
+		return string.format("\\x%02x", byte)
+	end)
+	for name, bytes in pairs(key_to_bytes) do
+		result = result:gsub(vim.pesc(name), bytes)
+	end
+	return result
+end
+
+-- Escape a string for use in a Rust string literal
+local function rust_escape(s)
+	return s:gsub("\\", "\\\\"):gsub('"', '\\"'):gsub("\n", "\\n"):gsub("\t", "\\t")
+end
+
+io.write("vi_test! {\n")
+
+for i, test in ipairs(tests) do
+	local name, input, keys = test[1], test[2], test[3]
+
+	-- Fresh buffer and register state
+	local input_lines = vim.split(input, "\n", { plain = true })
+	vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(0, 0, -1, false, input_lines)
+	vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor(0, { 1, 0 })
+	vim.fn.setreg('"', '')
+
+	-- Execute the key sequence synchronously
+	local translated = vim.api.nvim_replace_termcodes(keys, true, false, true)
+	vim.api.nvim_feedkeys(translated, "ntx", false)
+	vim.api.nvim_exec_autocmds("CursorMoved", {})
+
+	-- Capture result
+	local lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(0, 0, -1, false)
+	local result = table.concat(lines, "\n")
+	local cursor_col = vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0)[2]
+
+	local rust_keys = keys_to_rust(keys)
+	local rust_input = rust_escape(input)
+	local rust_result = rust_escape(result)
+
+	local sep = ";"
+	if i == #tests then sep = "" end
+
+	io.write(string.format('\tvi_%s: "%s" => "%s" => "%s", %d%s\n',
+		name, rust_input, rust_keys, rust_result, cursor_col, sep))
+end
+
+io.write("}\n")
+
+vim.cmd("qa!")