*redirect* *redirection* *redir*

#REDIRECTION#

Redirections allow you to control where a command reads its input from and
where it sends its output. A redirection applies to a specific file
descriptor; if no descriptor number is given, output redirections default
to stdout (fd 1) and input redirections default to stdin (fd 0).

==============================================================================
1. Output Redirection                          *redir-output*

  `command > file`                             *redir-out*

      Redirect stdout to {file}, creating it if it does not exist or
      truncating it if it does.

      Example:
        `echo hello > out.txt`
        `ls 2> errors.txt`       # redirect stderr

  `command >| file`                            *redir-out-force*

      Like `>` but overrides the {noclobber} option. If {noclobber} is set,
      `>` will refuse to overwrite an existing file; `>|` forces the
      overwrite.

  `command >> file`                            *redir-append*

      Append stdout to {file}, creating it if it does not exist.

      Example:
        `echo line >> log.txt`

==============================================================================
2. Input Redirection                           *redir-input*

  `command < file`                             *redir-in*

      Redirect {file} to stdin.

      Example:
        `sort < unsorted.txt`

==============================================================================
3. Read-Write Redirection                      *redir-readwrite*

  `command <> file`                            *redir-rw*

      Open {file} for both reading and writing on the specified file
      descriptor (default fd 0). The file is created if it does not exist
      but is not truncated.

      Useful with the `seek` builtin for random-access file operations.

      Example:
        `exec 3<> data.bin`
        `seek 3 0 set`           # seek to beginning

==============================================================================
4. File Descriptor Duplication                 *redir-dup*

  `command N>&M`                               *redir-dup-out*

      Duplicate output file descriptor {M} onto {N}. After this, writing
      to fd {N} goes to the same place as fd {M}.

      Example:
        `command > out.txt 2>&1`  # stderr goes where stdout goes

  `command N<&M`                               *redir-dup-in*

      Duplicate input file descriptor {M} onto {N}.

  `command N>&-`                               *redir-close-out*
  `command N<&-`                               *redir-close-in*

      Close file descriptor {N}.

      Example:
        `exec 3>&-`              # close fd 3

==============================================================================
5. Pipelines                                   *redir-pipe*

  `command1 | command2`                        *pipe*

      Connect stdout of {command1} to stdin of {command2}. Both commands
      run concurrently.

      Example:
        `cat file.txt | grep pattern | sort`

  `command1 |& command2`                       *pipe-and*

      Connect both stdout and stderr of {command1} to stdin of {command2}.
      Equivalent to `command1 2>&1 | command2`.

==============================================================================
6. Here Documents                              *heredoc*

  `command << DELIM`                           *redir-heredoc*

      Read input from the script body until a line containing only {DELIM}
      is found. The text between is fed to stdin of {command}.

      Parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion
      are performed in the body unless the delimiter is quoted.

      Example:
        `cat << EOF`
        `Hello $USER`
        `EOF`

  `command << 'DELIM'`                         *redir-heredoc-literal*

      Quoting the delimiter (single or double quotes) suppresses all
      expansion in the heredoc body. The text is passed literally.

      Example:
        `cat << 'EOF'`
        `This $variable is not expanded`
        `EOF`

  `command <<- DELIM`                          *redir-heredoc-indent*

      Like `<<` but strips leading tab characters from each line of the
      body and from the closing delimiter. This allows heredocs to be
      indented for readability without affecting the content.

      Example:
        `if true; then`
        `	cat <<- EOF`
        `	indented content`
        `	EOF`
        `fi`

==============================================================================
7. Here Strings                                *herestring*

  `command <<< word`                           *redir-herestring*

      Feed {word} as a single string to stdin of {command}, with a
      trailing newline appended. {word} is subject to the usual expansions.

      Example:
        `read first rest <<< "hello world"`
        `bc <<< "2 + 2"`

==============================================================================
8. File Descriptor Numbers                     *redir-fd*

  Any redirection operator can be prefixed with a file descriptor number:

      `2> file`       redirect stderr to file
      `3< file`       open file on fd 3
      `4>> file`      append to file on fd 4
      `5<> file`      open file read-write on fd 5

  Standard file descriptors:

      0   stdin
      1   stdout
      2   stderr

  File descriptors 3 and above are available for general use with `exec`.

==============================================================================
9. Combining Redirections                      *redir-combine*

  Multiple redirections can appear on a single command, processed left
  to right:

      `command > out.txt 2>&1`   # stdout to file, stderr to same file
      `command 2>&1 > out.txt`   # different! stderr to terminal,
                                 # stdout to file

  Order matters: each redirection is applied in sequence.

==============================================================================
See also: |param| |glob| |arith|