fixed heredocs using the same expansion pathway as regular strings

implemented backtick command subs

deferred heredoc expansion until redir time instead of parse time

implemented "$*" expansions

function defs like 'func   ()  { }' not parse correctly

fixed conjunctions short circuiting instead of skipping

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ A Linux shell written in Rust. The name is a nod to the original Unix utilities
 
 ### Line Editor
 
-`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt.
+`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt than conventional `vi` mode implementations.
 
 - **Normal mode** - motions (`w`, `b`, `e`, `f`, `t`, `%`, `0`, `$`, etc.), verbs (`d`, `c`, `y`, `p`, `r`, `x`, `~`, etc.), text objects (`iw`, `aw`, `i"`, `a{`, `is`, etc.), registers, `.` repeat, `;`/`,` repeat, and counts
 - **Insert mode** - insert, append, replace, with Ctrl+W word deletion and undo/redo

src/builtin/mod.rs

@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@ pub mod source;
 pub mod test; // [[ ]] thing
 pub mod trap;
 pub mod varcmds;
+pub mod seek;
 
-pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 49] = [
+pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 50] = [
   "echo", "cd", "read", "export", "local", "pwd", "source", ".", "shift", "jobs", "fg", "bg",
   "disown", "alias", "unalias", "return", "break", "continue", "exit", "shopt", "builtin",
   "command", "trap", "pushd", "popd", "dirs", "exec", "eval", "true", "false", ":", "readonly",
   "unset", "complete", "compgen", "map", "pop", "fpop", "push", "fpush", "rotate", "wait", "type",
-  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd", "ulimit", "umask",
+  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd", "ulimit", "umask", "seek"
 ];
 
 pub fn true_builtin() -> ShResult<()> {

src/builtin/seek.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+use nix::{libc::STDOUT_FILENO, unistd::{Whence, lseek, write}};
+
+use crate::{getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens}, libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult}, parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv}, procio::borrow_fd, state};
+
+pub const LSEEK_OPTS: [OptSpec;2] = [
+	OptSpec {
+		opt: Opt::Short('c'),
+		takes_arg: false
+	},
+	OptSpec {
+		opt: Opt::Short('e'),
+		takes_arg: false
+	},
+];
+
+pub struct LseekOpts {
+	cursor_rel: bool,
+	end_rel: bool
+}
+
+pub fn seek(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+	let NdRule::Command {
+		assignments: _,
+		argv,
+	} = node.class else { unreachable!() };
+
+	let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(argv, &LSEEK_OPTS)?;
+	let lseek_opts = get_lseek_opts(opts)?;
+	let mut argv = prepare_argv(argv)?.into_iter();
+	argv.next(); // drop 'seek'
+
+	let Some(fd) = argv.next() else {
+		return Err(ShErr::simple(
+			ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+			"lseek: Missing required argument 'fd'",
+		));
+	};
+	let Ok(fd) = fd.0.parse::<u32>() else {
+		return Err(ShErr::at(
+			ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+			fd.1,
+			"Invalid file descriptor",
+		).with_note("file descriptors are integers"));
+	};
+
+	let Some(offset) = argv.next() else {
+		return Err(ShErr::simple(
+			ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+			"lseek: Missing required argument 'offset'",
+		));
+	};
+	let Ok(offset) = offset.0.parse::<i64>() else {
+		return Err(ShErr::at(
+			ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+			offset.1,
+			"Invalid offset",
+		).with_note("offset can be a positive or negative integer"));
+	};
+
+	let whence = if lseek_opts.cursor_rel {
+		Whence::SeekCur
+	} else if lseek_opts.end_rel {
+		Whence::SeekEnd
+	} else {
+		Whence::SeekSet
+	};
+
+	match lseek(fd as i32, offset, whence) {
+		Ok(new_offset) => {
+			let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+			let buf = new_offset.to_string() + "\n";
+			write(stdout, buf.as_bytes())?;
+		}
+		Err(e) => {
+			state::set_status(1);
+			return Err(e.into())
+		}
+	}
+
+	state::set_status(0);
+	Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn get_lseek_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<LseekOpts> {
+	let mut lseek_opts = LseekOpts {
+		cursor_rel: false,
+		end_rel: false,
+	};
+
+  for opt in opts {
+    match opt {
+      Opt::Short('c') => lseek_opts.cursor_rel = true,
+      Opt::Short('e') => lseek_opts.end_rel = true,
+      _ => {
+        return Err(ShErr::simple(
+          ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+          format!("lseek: Unexpected flag '{opt}'"),
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ok(lseek_opts)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_beginning() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "0\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_offset() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_then_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    // Clear the seek output
+    g.read_output();
+
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_cur_relative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abcdefghij\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 3").unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -c 9 4").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "3\n7\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end_negative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 -2").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "4\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_write_overwrite() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    test_input("echo -n 'WORLD' >&9").unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "hello WORLD\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_rewind_full_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abc\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    // Read moves cursor to EOF
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    // Rewind
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+    // Clear output from seek
+    g.read_output();
+    // Read again from beginning
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "abc");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_bad_fd() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 99 0");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_missing_args() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 9");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/expand.rs

@@ -40,18 +40,23 @@ impl Tk {
 }
 
 pub struct Expander {
+	flags: TkFlags,
   raw: String,
 }
 
 impl Expander {
   pub fn new(raw: Tk) -> ShResult<Self> {
-    let raw = raw.span.as_str();
-    Self::from_raw(raw)
+    let tk_raw = raw.span.as_str();
+    Self::from_raw(tk_raw, raw.flags)
   }
-  pub fn from_raw(raw: &str) -> ShResult<Self> {
+  pub fn from_raw(raw: &str, flags: TkFlags) -> ShResult<Self> {
     let raw = expand_braces_full(raw)?.join(" ");
-    let unescaped = unescape_str(&raw);
-    Ok(Self { raw: unescaped })
+		let unescaped = if flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+			unescape_heredoc(&raw)
+		} else {
+			unescape_str(&raw)
+		};
+    Ok(Self { raw: unescaped, flags })
   }
   pub fn expand(&mut self) -> ShResult<Vec<String>> {
     let mut chars = self.raw.chars().peekable();
@@ -75,7 +80,11 @@ impl Expander {
       self.raw.insert_str(0, "./");
     }
 
-    Ok(self.split_words())
+		if self.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+			Ok(vec![self.raw.clone()])
+		} else {
+			Ok(self.split_words())
+		}
   }
   pub fn split_words(&mut self) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut words = vec![];
@@ -1154,6 +1163,25 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
                 }
               }
             }
+            '`' => {
+              result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+              result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+              while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+                match bt_ch {
+                  '\\' => {
+                    result.push(bt_ch);
+                    if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                      result.push(next_ch);
+                    }
+                  }
+                  '`' => {
+                    result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+                    break;
+                  }
+                  _ => result.push(bt_ch),
+                }
+              }
+            }
             '"' => {
               result.push(markers::DUB_QUOTE);
               break;
@@ -1318,6 +1346,25 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
           result.push('$');
         }
       }
+      '`' => {
+        result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+        result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+        while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+          match bt_ch {
+            '\\' => {
+              result.push(bt_ch);
+              if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+                result.push(next_ch);
+              }
+            }
+            '`' => {
+              result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+              break;
+            }
+            _ => result.push(bt_ch),
+          }
+        }
+      }
       _ => result.push(ch),
     }
     first_char = false;
@@ -1326,6 +1373,96 @@ pub fn unescape_str(raw: &str) -> String {
   result
 }
 
+/// Like unescape_str but for heredoc bodies. Only processes:
+/// - $var / ${var} / $(cmd) substitution markers
+/// - Backslash escapes (only before $, `, \, and newline)
+/// Everything else (quotes, tildes, globs, process subs, etc.) is literal.
+pub fn unescape_heredoc(raw: &str) -> String {
+	let mut chars = raw.chars().peekable();
+	let mut result = String::new();
+
+	while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+		match ch {
+			'\\' => {
+				match chars.peek() {
+					Some('$') | Some('`') | Some('\\') | Some('\n') => {
+						let next_ch = chars.next().unwrap();
+						if next_ch == '\n' {
+							// line continuation — discard both backslash and newline
+							continue;
+						}
+						result.push(markers::ESCAPE);
+						result.push(next_ch);
+					}
+					_ => {
+						// backslash is literal
+						result.push('\\');
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			'$' if chars.peek() == Some(&'(') => {
+				result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+				chars.next(); // consume '('
+				result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+				let mut paren_count = 1;
+				while let Some(subsh_ch) = chars.next() {
+					match subsh_ch {
+						'\\' => {
+							result.push(subsh_ch);
+							if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+								result.push(next_ch);
+							}
+						}
+						'(' => {
+							paren_count += 1;
+							result.push(subsh_ch);
+						}
+						')' => {
+							paren_count -= 1;
+							if paren_count == 0 {
+								result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+								break;
+							} else {
+								result.push(subsh_ch);
+							}
+						}
+						_ => result.push(subsh_ch),
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			'$' => {
+				result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+				if chars.peek() == Some(&'$') {
+					chars.next();
+					result.push('$');
+				}
+			}
+			'`' => {
+				result.push(markers::VAR_SUB);
+				result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+				while let Some(bt_ch) = chars.next() {
+					match bt_ch {
+						'\\' => {
+							result.push(bt_ch);
+							if let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() {
+								result.push(next_ch);
+							}
+						}
+						'`' => {
+							result.push(markers::SUBSH);
+							break;
+						}
+						_ => result.push(bt_ch),
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			_ => result.push(ch),
+		}
+	}
+
+	result
+}
+
 /// Opposite of unescape_str - escapes a string to be executed as literal text
 /// Used for completion results, and glob filename matches.
 pub fn escape_str(raw: &str, use_marker: bool) -> String {
@@ -3532,6 +3669,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     let mut exp = Expander {
       raw: "hello world\tfoo".to_string(),
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
     };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello", "world", "foo"]);
@@ -3546,6 +3684,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     let mut exp = Expander {
       raw: "a:b:c".to_string(),
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
     };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
@@ -3560,6 +3699,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     let mut exp = Expander {
       raw: "hello world".to_string(),
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
     };
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
@@ -3570,7 +3710,10 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
 
     let raw = format!("{}hello world{}", markers::DUB_QUOTE, markers::DUB_QUOTE);
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+			raw,
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
+		};
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
   }
@@ -3582,7 +3725,10 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
 
     let raw = format!("hello{}world", unescape_str("\\ "));
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+			raw,
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
+		};
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello world"]);
   }
@@ -3592,7 +3738,10 @@ mod tests {
     let _guard = TestGuard::new();
 
     let raw = format!("hello{}world", unescape_str("\\\t"));
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+			raw,
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
+		};
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["hello\tworld"]);
   }
@@ -3605,7 +3754,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     let raw = format!("a{}b:c", unescape_str("\\:"));
-    let mut exp = Expander { raw };
+    let mut exp = Expander {
+			raw,
+			flags: TkFlags::empty()
+		};
     let words = exp.split_words();
     assert_eq!(words, vec!["a:b", "c"]);
   }

src/getopt.rs

@@ -95,14 +95,16 @@ pub fn sort_tks(
     .into_iter()
     .map(|t| t.expand())
     .collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>()?
-    .into_iter();
+    .into_iter()
+		.peekable();
   let mut opts = vec![];
   let mut non_opts = vec![];
 
   while let Some(token) = tokens_iter.next() {
     if &token.to_string() == "--" {
-      non_opts.extend(tokens_iter);
-      break;
+			non_opts.push(token);
+			non_opts.extend(tokens_iter);
+			break;
     }
     let parsed_opts = Opt::parse(&token.to_string());
 

src/libsh/error.rs

@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ impl ShErr {
   pub fn is_flow_control(&self) -> bool {
     self.kind.is_flow_control()
   }
+	/// Promotes a shell error from a simple error to an error that blames a span
   pub fn promote(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
     if self.notes.is_empty() {
       return self;
@@ -208,7 +209,9 @@ impl ShErr {
     let first = self.notes[0].clone();
     if self.notes.len() > 1 {
       self.notes = self.notes[1..].to_vec();
-    }
+    } else {
+			self.notes = vec![];
+		}
 
     self.labeled(span, first)
   }

src/libsh/guards.rs

@@ -147,11 +147,9 @@ impl RawModeGuard {
     let orig = ORIG_TERMIOS
       .with(|cell| cell.borrow().clone())
       .expect("with_cooked_mode called before raw_mode()");
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig)
-      .expect("Failed to restore cooked mode");
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig).ok();
     let res = f();
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current)
-      .expect("Failed to restore raw mode");
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current).ok();
     res
   }
 }

src/libsh/sys.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@ use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
 pub static TTY_FILENO: LazyLock<RawFd> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-  open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty")
+  let fd = open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty");
+  // Move the tty fd above the user-accessible range so that
+  // `exec 3>&-` and friends don't collide with shell internals.
+  let high = fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD)).expect("Failed to dup /dev/tty high");
+  close(fd).ok();
+  high
 });

src/main.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ use nix::unistd::read;
 use crate::builtin::keymap::KeyMapMatch;
 use crate::builtin::trap::TrapTarget;
 use crate::libsh::error::{self, ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult};
-use crate::libsh::guards::scope_guard;
 use crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO;
 use crate::libsh::utils::AutoCmdVecUtils;
 use crate::parse::execute::{exec_dash_c, exec_input};

src/parse/execute.rs

@@ -8,28 +8,7 @@ use ariadne::Fmt;
 
 use crate::{
   builtin::{
-    alias::{alias, unalias},
-    arrops::{arr_fpop, arr_fpush, arr_pop, arr_push, arr_rotate},
-    autocmd::autocmd,
-    cd::cd,
-    complete::{compgen_builtin, complete_builtin},
-    dirstack::{dirs, popd, pushd},
-    echo::echo,
-    eval, exec,
-    flowctl::flowctl,
-    getopts::getopts,
-    intro,
-    jobctl::{self, JobBehavior, continue_job, disown, jobs},
-    keymap, map,
-    pwd::pwd,
-    read::{self, read_builtin},
-    resource::{ulimit, umask_builtin},
-    shift::shift,
-    shopt::shopt,
-    source::source,
-    test::double_bracket_test,
-    trap::{TrapTarget, trap},
-    varcmds::{export, local, readonly, unset},
+    alias::{alias, unalias}, arrops::{arr_fpop, arr_fpush, arr_pop, arr_push, arr_rotate}, autocmd::autocmd, cd::cd, complete::{compgen_builtin, complete_builtin}, dirstack::{dirs, popd, pushd}, echo::echo, eval, exec, flowctl::flowctl, getopts::getopts, intro, jobctl::{self, JobBehavior, continue_job, disown, jobs}, keymap, seek::seek, map, pwd::pwd, read::{self, read_builtin}, resource::{ulimit, umask_builtin}, shift::shift, shopt::shopt, source::source, test::double_bracket_test, trap::{TrapTarget, trap}, varcmds::{export, local, readonly, unset}
   },
   expand::{expand_aliases, expand_case_pattern, glob_to_regex},
   jobs::{ChildProc, JobStack, attach_tty, dispatch_job},
@@ -340,24 +319,19 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     };
 
     let mut elem_iter = elements.into_iter();
+		let mut skip = false;
     while let Some(element) = elem_iter.next() {
       let ConjunctNode { cmd, operator } = element;
-      self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+			if !skip {
+				self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+			}
 
       let status = state::get_status();
-      match operator {
-        ConjunctOp::And => {
-          if status != 0 {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        ConjunctOp::Or => {
-          if status == 0 {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
+      skip = match operator {
+        ConjunctOp::And => status != 0,
+        ConjunctOp::Or => status == 0,
         ConjunctOp::Null => break,
-      }
+      };
     }
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -377,7 +351,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     };
     let body_span = body.get_span();
     let body = body_span.as_str().to_string();
-    let name = name.span.as_str().strip_suffix("()").unwrap();
+    let name = name.span.as_str().strip_suffix("()").unwrap_or(name.span.as_str());
 
     if KEYWORDS.contains(&name) {
       return Err(ShErr::at(
@@ -803,7 +777,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     self.job_stack.new_job();
     if cmds.len() == 1 {
       self.fg_job = !is_bg && self.interactive;
-      let mut cmd = cmds.into_iter().next().unwrap();
+      let cmd = cmds.into_iter().next().unwrap();
       if is_bg && !matches!(cmd.class, NdRule::Command { .. }) {
         self.run_fork(
           &cmd.get_command().map(|t| t.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -888,7 +862,10 @@ impl Dispatcher {
 
     if fork_builtins {
       log::trace!("Forking builtin: {}", cmd_raw);
-      let _guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+      let guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+			if cmd_raw.as_str() == "exec" {
+				guard.persist();
+			}
       self.run_fork(&cmd_raw, |s| {
         if let Err(e) = s.dispatch_builtin(cmd) {
           e.print_error();
@@ -1013,6 +990,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       "autocmd" => autocmd(cmd),
       "ulimit" => ulimit(cmd),
       "umask" => umask_builtin(cmd),
+			"seek" => seek(cmd),
       "true" | ":" => {
         state::set_status(0);
         Ok(())

src/parse/lex.rs

@@ -217,6 +217,32 @@ impl Tk {
     };
     self.span.as_str().trim() == ";;"
   }
+
+	pub fn is_opener(&self) -> bool {
+		OPENERS.contains(&self.as_str()) ||
+		matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart) ||
+		matches!(self.class, TkRule::CasePattern)
+	}
+	pub fn is_closer(&self) -> bool {
+		matches!(self.as_str(), "fi" | "done" | "esac") ||
+		self.has_double_semi() ||
+		matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd)
+	}
+
+	pub fn is_closer_for(&self, other: &Tk) -> bool {
+		if (matches!(other.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart) && matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd))
+		|| (matches!(other.class, TkRule::CasePattern) && self.has_double_semi()) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		match other.as_str() {
+			"for"   |
+			"while" |
+			"until" => matches!(self.as_str(), "done"),
+			"if"    => matches!(self.as_str(), "fi"),
+			"case"  => matches!(self.as_str(), "esac"),
+			_ => false
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 impl Display for Tk {
@@ -241,20 +267,12 @@ bitflags! {
     const ASSIGN       = 0b0000000001000000;
     const BUILTIN      = 0b0000000010000000;
     const IS_PROCSUB   = 0b0000000100000000;
+		const IS_HEREDOC   = 0b0000001000000000;
+		const LIT_HEREDOC  = 0b0000010000000000;
+		const TAB_HEREDOC  = 0b0000100000000000;
   }
 }
 
-pub struct LexStream {
-  source: Arc<String>,
-  pub cursor: usize,
-  pub name: String,
-  quote_state: QuoteState,
-  brc_grp_depth: usize,
-  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
-  case_depth: usize,
-  flags: LexFlags,
-}
-
 bitflags! {
   #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
   pub struct LexFlags: u32 {
@@ -296,6 +314,19 @@ pub fn clean_input(input: &str) -> String {
   output
 }
 
+pub struct LexStream {
+  source: Arc<String>,
+  pub cursor: usize,
+  pub name: String,
+  quote_state: QuoteState,
+  brc_grp_depth: usize,
+  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
+  case_depth: usize,
+	heredoc_skip: Option<usize>,
+  flags: LexFlags,
+}
+
+
 impl LexStream {
   pub fn new(source: Arc<String>, flags: LexFlags) -> Self {
     let flags = flags | LexFlags::FRESH | LexFlags::NEXT_IS_CMD;
@@ -307,6 +338,7 @@ impl LexStream {
       quote_state: QuoteState::default(),
       brc_grp_depth: 0,
       brc_grp_start: None,
+			heredoc_skip: None,
       case_depth: 0,
     }
   }
@@ -367,7 +399,7 @@ impl LexStream {
   }
   pub fn read_redir(&mut self) -> Option<ShResult<Tk>> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
-    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?;
+    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?.to_string();
     let mut pos = self.cursor;
     let mut chars = slice.chars().peekable();
     let mut tk = Tk::default();
@@ -379,37 +411,51 @@ impl LexStream {
             return None; // It's a process sub
           }
           pos += 1;
+					if let Some('|') = chars.peek() {
+						// noclobber force '>|'
+						chars.next();
+						pos += 1;
+						tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+						break
+					}
+
           if let Some('>') = chars.peek() {
             chars.next();
             pos += 1;
           }
-          if let Some('&') = chars.peek() {
-            chars.next();
-            pos += 1;
-
-            let mut found_fd = false;
-            while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
-              chars.next();
-              found_fd = true;
-              pos += 1;
-            }
-
-            if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
-              let span_start = self.cursor;
-              self.cursor = pos;
-              return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
-                ShErrKind::ParseErr,
-                Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
-                "Invalid redirection",
-              )));
-            } else {
-              tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
-              break;
-            }
-          } else {
+          let Some('&') = chars.peek() else {
             tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
             break;
-          }
+          };
+
+					chars.next();
+					pos += 1;
+
+					let mut found_fd = false;
+					if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+						chars.next();
+						found_fd = true;
+						pos += 1;
+					} else {
+						while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
+							chars.next();
+							found_fd = true;
+							pos += 1;
+						}
+					}
+
+					if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+						let span_start = self.cursor;
+						self.cursor = pos;
+						return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
+							ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+							Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+							"Invalid redirection",
+						)));
+					} else {
+						tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+						break;
+					}
         }
         '<' => {
           if chars.peek() == Some(&'(') {
@@ -417,14 +463,94 @@ impl LexStream {
           }
           pos += 1;
 
-          for _ in 0..2 {
-            if let Some('<') = chars.peek() {
-              chars.next();
-              pos += 1;
-            } else {
-              break;
-            }
-          }
+					match chars.peek() {
+						Some('<') => {
+							chars.next();
+							pos += 1;
+
+							match chars.peek() {
+								Some('<') => {
+									chars.next();
+									pos += 1;
+								}
+
+								Some(ch) => {
+									let mut ch = *ch;
+									while is_field_sep(ch) {
+										let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() else {
+											// Incomplete input — fall through to emit << as Redir
+											break;
+										};
+										pos += next_ch.len_utf8();
+										ch = next_ch;
+									}
+
+									if is_field_sep(ch) {
+										// Ran out of input while skipping whitespace — fall through
+									} else {
+										let saved_cursor = self.cursor;
+										match self.read_heredoc(pos) {
+											Ok(Some(heredoc_tk)) => {
+												// cursor is set to after the delimiter word;
+												// heredoc_skip is set to after the body
+												pos = self.cursor;
+												self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+												tk = heredoc_tk;
+												break;
+											}
+											Ok(None) => {
+												// Incomplete heredoc — restore cursor and fall through
+												self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+											}
+											Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+										}
+									}
+								}
+								_ => {
+									// No delimiter yet — input is incomplete
+									// Fall through to emit the << as a Redir token
+								}
+							}
+						}
+						Some('>') => {
+							chars.next();
+							pos += 1;
+							tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+							break;
+						}
+						Some('&') => {
+							chars.next();
+							pos += 1;
+
+							let mut found_fd = false;
+							if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+								chars.next();
+								found_fd = true;
+								pos += 1;
+							} else {
+								while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
+									chars.next();
+									found_fd = true;
+									pos += 1;
+								}
+							}
+
+							if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+								let span_start = self.cursor;
+								self.cursor = pos;
+								return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
+											ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+											Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+											"Invalid redirection",
+								)));
+							} else {
+								tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+						_ => {}
+					}
+
           tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
           break;
         }
@@ -448,6 +574,130 @@ impl LexStream {
     self.cursor = pos;
     Some(Ok(tk))
   }
+	pub fn read_heredoc(&mut self, mut pos: usize) -> ShResult<Option<Tk>> {
+		let slice = self.slice(pos..).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+		let mut chars = slice.chars();
+		let mut delim = String::new();
+		let mut flags = TkFlags::empty();
+		let mut first_char = true;
+		// Parse the delimiter word, stripping quotes
+		while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+			match ch {
+				'-' if first_char => {
+					pos += 1;
+					flags |= TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC;
+				}
+				'\"' => {
+					pos += 1;
+					self.quote_state.toggle_double();
+					flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+				}
+				'\'' => {
+					pos += 1;
+					self.quote_state.toggle_single();
+					flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+				}
+				_ if self.quote_state.in_quote() => {
+					pos += ch.len_utf8();
+					delim.push(ch);
+				}
+				ch if is_hard_sep(ch) => {
+					break;
+				}
+				ch => {
+					pos += ch.len_utf8();
+					delim.push(ch);
+				}
+			}
+			first_char = false;
+		}
+
+		// pos is now right after the delimiter word — this is where
+		// the cursor should return so the rest of the line gets lexed
+		let cursor_after_delim = pos;
+
+		// Re-slice from cursor_after_delim so iterator and pos are in sync
+		// (the old chars iterator consumed the hard_sep without advancing pos)
+		let rest = self.slice(cursor_after_delim..).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+		let mut chars = rest.chars();
+
+		// Scan forward to the newline (or use heredoc_skip from a previous heredoc)
+		let body_start = if let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip {
+			// A previous heredoc on this line already read its body;
+			// our body starts where that one ended
+			let skip_offset = skip - cursor_after_delim;
+			for _ in 0..skip_offset {
+				chars.next();
+			}
+			skip
+		} else {
+			// Skip the rest of the current line to find where the body begins
+			let mut scan = pos;
+			let mut found_newline = false;
+			while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+				scan += ch.len_utf8();
+				if ch == '\n' {
+					found_newline = true;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			if !found_newline {
+				if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+					return Ok(None);
+				} else {
+					return Err(ShErr::at(
+						ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+						Span::new(pos..pos, self.source.clone()),
+						"Heredoc delimiter not found",
+					));
+				}
+			}
+			scan
+		};
+
+		pos = body_start;
+		let start = pos;
+
+		// Read lines until we find one that matches the delimiter exactly
+		let mut line = String::new();
+		let mut line_start = pos;
+		while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+			pos += ch.len_utf8();
+			if ch == '\n' {
+				let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+				if trimmed == delim {
+					let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+					tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+					self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+					self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+					return Ok(Some(tk));
+				}
+				line.clear();
+				line_start = pos;
+			} else {
+				line.push(ch);
+			}
+		}
+		// Check the last line (no trailing newline)
+		let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+		if trimmed == delim {
+			let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+			tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+			self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+			self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+			return Ok(Some(tk));
+		}
+
+		if !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+			Err(ShErr::at(
+				ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+				Span::new(start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+				format!("Heredoc delimiter '{}' not found", delim),
+			))
+		} else {
+			Ok(None)
+		}
+	}
   pub fn read_string(&mut self) -> ShResult<Tk> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
     let slice = self.slice_from_cursor().unwrap().to_string();
@@ -625,6 +875,16 @@ impl LexStream {
             ));
           }
         }
+        '(' if can_be_subshell && chars.peek() == Some(&')') => {
+          // standalone "()" — function definition marker
+          pos += 2;
+          chars.next();
+          let mut tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Str);
+          tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
+          self.cursor = pos;
+          self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
+          return Ok(tk);
+        }
         '(' if self.next_is_cmd() && can_be_subshell => {
           pos += 1;
           let mut paren_count = 1;
@@ -845,10 +1105,18 @@ impl Iterator for LexStream {
 
     let token = match get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap() {
       '\r' | '\n' | ';' => {
+        let ch = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap();
         let ch_idx = self.cursor;
         self.cursor += 1;
         self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
 
+        // If a heredoc was parsed on this line, skip past the body
+        // Only on newline — ';' is a command separator within the same line
+        if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
+				&& let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip.take() {
+					self.cursor = skip;
+				}
+
         while let Some(ch) = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor) {
           match ch {
             '\\' if get_char(&self.source, self.cursor + 1) == Some('\n') => {

src/prelude.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd,
 pub use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub use nix::{
   errno::Errno,
-  fcntl::{OFlag, open},
+  fcntl::{FcntlArg, OFlag, fcntl, open},
   libc::{self, STDERR_FILENO, STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO},
   sys::{
     signal::{self, SigHandler, SigSet, SigmaskHow, Signal, kill, killpg, pthread_sigmask, signal},

src/procio.rs

@@ -8,15 +8,26 @@ use crate::{
   expand::Expander,
   libsh::{
     error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
+    sys::TTY_FILENO,
     utils::RedirVecUtils,
   },
-  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file},
-  prelude::*,
+  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file, lex::TkFlags},
+  prelude::*, state,
 };
 
 // Credit to fish-shell for many of the implementation ideas present in this
 // module https://fishshell.com/
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+/// User-visible fds (0-9) are kept clear so `exec 3>&-` etc. work as expected.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
+/// Like `dup()`, but places the new fd at `MIN_INTERNAL_FD` or above so it
+/// doesn't collide with user-managed fds.
+fn dup_high(fd: RawFd) -> nix::Result<RawFd> {
+  fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD))
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum IoMode {
   Fd {
@@ -37,8 +48,9 @@ pub enum IoMode {
     pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
   },
   Buffer {
+		tgt_fd: RawFd,
     buf: String,
-    pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
+		flags: TkFlags, // so we can see if its a heredoc or not
   },
   Close {
     tgt_fd: RawFd,
@@ -79,19 +91,28 @@ impl IoMode {
     if let IoMode::File { tgt_fd, path, mode } = self {
       let path_raw = path.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string();
 
-      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw)?.expand()?.join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of
-      // multiple
+      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw, TkFlags::empty())?.expand()?.join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of multiple paths
 
       let expanded_pathbuf = PathBuf::from(expanded_path);
 
       let file = get_redir_file(mode, expanded_pathbuf)?;
+      // Move the opened fd above the user-accessible range so it never
+      // collides with the target fd (e.g. `3>/tmp/foo` where open() returns 3,
+      // causing dup2(3,3) to be a no-op and then OwnedFd drop closes it).
+      let raw = file.as_raw_fd();
+      let high = fcntl(raw, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD))
+        .map_err(ShErr::from)?;
+      drop(file); // closes the original low fd
       self = IoMode::OpenedFile {
         tgt_fd,
-        file: Arc::new(OwnedFd::from(file)),
+        file: Arc::new(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(high) }),
       }
     }
     Ok(self)
   }
+	pub fn buffer(tgt_fd: RawFd, buf: String, flags: TkFlags) -> ShResult<Self> {
+		Ok(Self::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags })
+	}
   pub fn get_pipes() -> (Self, Self) {
     let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe2(OFlag::O_CLOEXEC).unwrap();
     (
@@ -206,24 +227,103 @@ impl<'e> IoFrame {
     )
   }
   pub fn save(&'e mut self) {
-    let saved_in = dup(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_out = dup(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_err = dup(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_in = dup_high(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_out = dup_high(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_err = dup_high(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
     self.saved_io = Some(IoGroup(saved_in, saved_out, saved_err));
   }
   pub fn redirect(mut self) -> ShResult<RedirGuard> {
     self.save();
-    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
-      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
-      if let IoMode::File { .. } = io_mode {
-        *io_mode = io_mode.clone().open_file()?;
-      };
-      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
-      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
-      dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd)?;
+    if let Err(e) = self.apply_redirs() {
+      // Restore saved fds before propagating the error so they don't leak.
+      self.restore().ok();
+      return Err(e);
     }
     Ok(RedirGuard::new(self))
   }
+  fn apply_redirs(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
+    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
+      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
+			match io_mode {
+				IoMode::Close { tgt_fd } => {
+					if *tgt_fd == *TTY_FILENO {
+						// Don't let user close the shell's tty fd.
+						continue;
+					}
+					close(*tgt_fd).ok();
+					continue;
+				}
+				IoMode::File { .. } => {
+					match io_mode.clone().open_file() {
+						Ok(file) => *io_mode = file,
+						Err(e) => {
+							if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+								return Err(e.promote(span.clone()));
+							}
+							return Err(e)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				IoMode::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags } => {
+					let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe()?;
+					let mut text = if flags.contains(TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC) {
+						buf.clone()
+					} else {
+						let words = Expander::from_raw(buf, *flags)?.expand()?;
+						if flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+							words.into_iter().next().unwrap_or_default()
+						} else {
+							let ifs = state::get_separator();
+							words.join(&ifs).trim().to_string() + "\n"
+						}
+					};
+					if flags.contains(TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC) {
+						let lines = text.lines();
+						let mut min_tabs = usize::MAX;
+						for line in lines {
+							if line.is_empty() { continue; }
+							let line_len = line.len();
+							let after_strip = line.trim_start_matches('\t').len();
+							let delta = line_len - after_strip;
+							min_tabs = min_tabs.min(delta);
+						}
+						if min_tabs == usize::MAX {
+							// let's avoid possibly allocating a string with 18 quintillion tabs
+							min_tabs = 0;
+						}
+
+						if min_tabs > 0 {
+							let stripped = text.lines()
+								.fold(vec![], |mut acc, ln| {
+									if ln.is_empty() {
+										acc.push("");
+										return acc;
+									}
+									let stripped_ln = ln.strip_prefix(&"\t".repeat(min_tabs)).unwrap();
+									acc.push(stripped_ln);
+									acc
+								})
+							.join("\n");
+							text = stripped + "\n";
+						}
+					}
+					write(wpipe, text.as_bytes())?;
+					*io_mode = IoMode::Pipe { tgt_fd: *tgt_fd, pipe: rpipe.into() };
+				}
+				_ => {}
+			}
+      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
+      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
+      if let Err(e) = dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd) {
+        if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+          return Err(ShErr::from(e).promote(span.clone()));
+        } else {
+          return Err(e.into());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
   pub fn restore(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
     if let Some(saved) = self.saved_io.take() {
       dup2(saved.0, STDIN_FILENO)?;
@@ -334,6 +434,8 @@ pub fn borrow_fd<'f>(fd: i32) -> BorrowedFd<'f> {
 }
 
 type PipeFrames = Map<PipeGenerator, fn((Option<Redir>, Option<Redir>)) -> IoFrame>;
+
+/// An iterator that lazily creates a specific number of pipes.
 pub struct PipeGenerator {
   num_cmds: usize,
   cursor: usize,

src/readline/complete.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{
   collections::HashSet,
   fmt::{Debug, Write},
-  path::{Path, PathBuf},
+  path::PathBuf,
   sync::Arc,
 };
 

src/readline/linebuf.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
   libsh::{error::ShResult, guards::var_ctx_guard},
   parse::{
     execute::exec_input,
-    lex::{LexFlags, LexStream, QuoteState, Tk, TkFlags, TkRule},
+    lex::{LexFlags, LexStream, QuoteState, Tk, TkRule},
   },
   prelude::*,
   readline::{
@@ -350,6 +350,73 @@ impl ClampedUsize {
   }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct IndentCtx {
+	depth: usize,
+	ctx: Vec<Tk>,
+	in_escaped_line: bool
+}
+
+impl IndentCtx {
+	pub fn new() -> Self { Self::default() }
+
+	pub fn depth(&self) -> usize {
+		self.depth
+	}
+
+	pub fn ctx(&self) -> &[Tk] {
+		&self.ctx
+	}
+
+	pub fn descend(&mut self, tk: Tk) {
+		self.ctx.push(tk);
+		self.depth += 1;
+	}
+
+	pub fn ascend(&mut self) {
+		self.depth = self.depth.saturating_sub(1);
+		self.ctx.pop();
+	}
+
+	pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+		std::mem::take(self);
+	}
+
+	pub fn check_tk(&mut self, tk: Tk) {
+		if tk.is_opener() {
+			self.descend(tk);
+		} else if self.ctx.last().is_some_and(|t| tk.is_closer_for(t)) {
+			self.ascend();
+		} else if matches!(tk.class, TkRule::Sep) && self.in_escaped_line {
+			self.in_escaped_line = false;
+			self.depth = self.depth.saturating_sub(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn calculate(&mut self, input: &str) -> usize {
+		self.depth = 0;
+		self.ctx.clear();
+		self.in_escaped_line = false;
+
+		let input_arc = Arc::new(input.to_string());
+    let Ok(tokens) = LexStream::new(input_arc, LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED).collect::<ShResult<Vec<Tk>>>() else {
+			log::error!("Lexing failed during depth calculation: {:?}", input);
+			return 0;
+		};
+
+		for tk in tokens {
+			self.check_tk(tk);
+		}
+
+    if input.ends_with("\\\n") {
+			self.in_escaped_line = true;
+      self.depth += 1;
+    }
+
+		self.depth
+	}
+}
+
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct LineBuf {
   pub buffer: String,
@@ -363,7 +430,7 @@ pub struct LineBuf {
 
   pub insert_mode_start_pos: Option<usize>,
   pub saved_col: Option<usize>,
-  pub auto_indent_level: usize,
+  pub indent_ctx: IndentCtx,
 
   pub undo_stack: Vec<Edit>,
   pub redo_stack: Vec<Edit>,
@@ -617,6 +684,17 @@ impl LineBuf {
   pub fn read_slice_to_cursor(&self) -> Option<&str> {
     self.read_slice_to(self.cursor.get())
   }
+	pub fn cursor_is_escaped(&mut self) -> bool {
+		let Some(to_cursor) = self.slice_to_cursor() else {
+			return false;
+		};
+
+		// count the number of backslashes
+		let delta = to_cursor.len() - to_cursor.trim_end_matches('\\').len();
+
+		// an even number of backslashes means each one is escaped
+		delta % 2 != 0
+	}
   pub fn slice_to_cursor_inclusive(&mut self) -> Option<&str> {
     self.slice_to(self.cursor.ret_add(1))
   }
@@ -829,7 +907,7 @@ impl LineBuf {
     }
     Some(self.line_bounds(line_no))
   }
-  pub fn word_at(&mut self, pos: usize, word: Word) -> (usize, usize) {
+  pub fn word_at(&mut self, _pos: usize, word: Word) -> (usize, usize) {
     let start = if self.is_word_bound(self.cursor.get(), word, Direction::Backward) {
       self.cursor.get()
     } else {
@@ -2031,51 +2109,13 @@ impl LineBuf {
     let end = start + (new.len().max(gr.len()));
     self.buffer.replace_range(start..end, new);
   }
-  pub fn calc_indent_level(&mut self) {
-    // FIXME: This implementation is extremely naive but it kind of sort of works for now
-    // Need to re-implement it and write tests
+  pub fn calc_indent_level(&mut self) -> usize {
     let to_cursor = self
       .slice_to_cursor()
       .map(|s| s.to_string())
       .unwrap_or(self.buffer.clone());
 
-    let mut level: usize = 0;
-
-    if to_cursor.ends_with("\\\n") {
-      level += 1; // Line continuation, so we need to add an extra level
-    }
-
-    let input = Arc::new(to_cursor);
-    let Ok(tokens) = LexStream::new(input, LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED).collect::<ShResult<Vec<Tk>>>()
-    else {
-      log::error!("Failed to lex buffer for indent calculation");
-      return;
-    };
-    let mut last_keyword: Option<String> = None;
-    for tk in tokens {
-      if tk.flags.contains(TkFlags::KEYWORD) {
-        match tk.as_str() {
-          "in" => {
-            if last_keyword.as_deref() == Some("case") {
-              level += 1;
-            } else {
-              // 'in' is also used in for loops, but we already increment level on 'do' for those
-              // so we just skip it here
-            }
-          }
-          "then" | "do" => level += 1,
-          "done" | "fi" | "esac" => level = level.saturating_sub(1),
-          _ => { /* Continue */ }
-        }
-        last_keyword = Some(tk.to_string());
-      } else if tk.class == TkRule::BraceGrpStart {
-        level += 1;
-      } else if tk.class == TkRule::BraceGrpEnd {
-        level = level.saturating_sub(1);
-      }
-    }
-
-    self.auto_indent_level = level;
+    self.indent_ctx.calculate(&to_cursor)
   }
   pub fn eval_motion(&mut self, verb: Option<&Verb>, motion: MotionCmd) -> MotionKind {
     let buffer = self.buffer.clone();
@@ -2652,8 +2692,8 @@ impl LineBuf {
     register.write_to_register(register_content);
     self.cursor.set(start);
     if do_indent {
-      self.calc_indent_level();
-      let tabs = (0..self.auto_indent_level).map(|_| '\t');
+      let depth = self.calc_indent_level();
+      let tabs = (0..depth).map(|_| '\t');
       for tab in tabs {
         self.insert_at_cursor(tab);
         self.cursor.add(1);
@@ -2888,17 +2928,29 @@ impl LineBuf {
     };
     end = end.saturating_sub(1);
     let mut last_was_whitespace = false;
-    for i in start..end {
+		let mut last_was_escape = false;
+		let mut i = start;
+    while i < end {
       let Some(gr) = self.grapheme_at(i) else {
+				i += 1;
         continue;
       };
       if gr == "\n" {
         if last_was_whitespace {
           self.remove(i);
+					end -= 1;
         } else {
           self.force_replace_at(i, " ");
         }
+				if last_was_escape {
+					// if we are here, then we just joined an escaped newline
+					// semantically, echo foo\\nbar == echo foo bar
+					// so a joined line should remove the escape.
+					self.remove(i - 1);
+					end -= 1;
+				}
         last_was_whitespace = false;
+				last_was_escape = false;
         let strip_pos = if self.grapheme_at(i) == Some(" ") {
           i + 1
         } else {
@@ -2906,46 +2958,57 @@ impl LineBuf {
         };
         while self.grapheme_at(strip_pos) == Some("\t") {
           self.remove(strip_pos);
+					end -= 1;
         }
         self.cursor.set(i);
+				i += 1;
         continue;
-      }
-      last_was_whitespace = is_whitespace(gr);
+      } else if gr == "\\" {
+				if last_was_whitespace && last_was_escape {
+					// if we are here, then the pattern of the last three chars was this:
+					// ' \\', a space and two backslashes.
+					// This means the "last" was an escaped backslash, not whitespace.
+					last_was_whitespace = false;
+				}
+				last_was_escape = !last_was_escape;
+			} else {
+				last_was_whitespace = is_whitespace(gr);
+				last_was_escape = false;
+			}
+			i += 1;
     }
     Ok(())
   }
   fn verb_insert_char(&mut self, ch: char) {
     self.insert_at_cursor(ch);
     self.cursor.add(1);
-    let before = self.auto_indent_level;
-    if read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.auto_indent)
-      && let Some(line_content) = self.this_line_content()
-    {
-      match line_content.trim() {
-        "esac" | "done" | "fi" | "}" => {
-          self.calc_indent_level();
-          if self.auto_indent_level < before {
-            let delta = before - self.auto_indent_level;
-            let line_start = self.start_of_line();
-            for _ in 0..delta {
-              if self.grapheme_at(line_start).is_some_and(|gr| gr == "\t") {
-                self.remove(line_start);
-                if !self.cursor_at_max() {
-                  self.cursor.sub(1);
-                }
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        _ => {}
-      }
-    }
+    let before_escaped = self.indent_ctx.in_escaped_line;
+    let before = self.indent_ctx.depth();
+		if read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.auto_indent) {
+			let after = self.calc_indent_level();
+			// Only dedent if the depth decrease came from a closer, not from
+			// a line continuation bonus going away
+			if after < before
+			&& !(before_escaped && !self.indent_ctx.in_escaped_line) {
+				let delta = before - after;
+				let line_start = self.start_of_line();
+				for _ in 0..delta {
+					if self.grapheme_at(line_start).is_some_and(|gr| gr == "\t") {
+						self.remove(line_start);
+						if !self.cursor_at_max() {
+							self.cursor.sub(1);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
   }
   fn verb_insert(&mut self, string: String) {
     self.insert_str_at_cursor(&string);
     let graphemes = string.graphemes(true).count();
     self.cursor.add(graphemes);
   }
+  #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_to_owned)]
   fn verb_indent(&mut self, motion: MotionKind) -> ShResult<()> {
     let Some((start, end)) = self.range_from_motion(&motion) else {
       return Ok(());
@@ -2975,6 +3038,7 @@ impl LineBuf {
     }
     Ok(())
   }
+	#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_to_owned)]
   fn verb_dedent(&mut self, motion: MotionKind) -> ShResult<()> {
     let Some((start, mut end)) = self.range_from_motion(&motion) else {
       return Ok(());
@@ -3017,8 +3081,8 @@ impl LineBuf {
         Anchor::After => {
           self.push('\n');
           if auto_indent {
-            self.calc_indent_level();
-            for _ in 0..self.auto_indent_level {
+            let depth = self.calc_indent_level();
+            for _ in 0..depth {
               self.push('\t');
             }
           }
@@ -3027,8 +3091,8 @@ impl LineBuf {
         }
         Anchor::Before => {
           if auto_indent {
-            self.calc_indent_level();
-            for _ in 0..self.auto_indent_level {
+            let depth = self.calc_indent_level();
+            for _ in 0..depth {
               self.insert_at(0, '\t');
             }
           }
@@ -3055,8 +3119,8 @@ impl LineBuf {
     self.insert_at_cursor('\n');
     self.cursor.add(1);
     if auto_indent {
-      self.calc_indent_level();
-      for _ in 0..self.auto_indent_level {
+      let depth = self.calc_indent_level();
+      for _ in 0..depth {
         self.insert_at_cursor('\t');
         self.cursor.add(1);
       }
@@ -3198,7 +3262,6 @@ impl LineBuf {
     }
     Ok(())
   }
-  #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_to_owned)]
   pub fn exec_verb(
     &mut self,
     verb: Verb,
@@ -3285,10 +3348,10 @@ impl LineBuf {
 
     /*
      * Let's evaluate the motion now
-     * If we got some weird command like 'dvw' we will have to simulate a visual
-     * selection to get the range If motion is None, we will try to use
-     * self.select_range If self.select_range is None, we will use
-     * MotionKind::Null
+     * If we got some weird command like 'dvw' we will
+		 * have to simulate a visual selection to get the range
+		 * If motion is None, we will try to use self.select_range
+		 * If self.select_range is None, we will use MotionKind::Null
      */
     let motion_eval =
       if flags.intersects(CmdFlags::VISUAL | CmdFlags::VISUAL_LINE | CmdFlags::VISUAL_BLOCK) {

src/readline/mod.rs

@@ -253,7 +253,6 @@ pub struct ShedVi {
   pub repeat_action: Option<CmdReplay>,
   pub repeat_motion: Option<MotionCmd>,
   pub editor: LineBuf,
-  pub next_is_escaped: bool,
 
   pub old_layout: Option<Layout>,
   pub history: History,
@@ -271,7 +270,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
       completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
       highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
       mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
-      next_is_escaped: false,
       saved_mode: None,
       pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
       old_layout: None,
@@ -303,7 +301,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
       completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
       highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
       mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
-      next_is_escaped: false,
       saved_mode: None,
       pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
       old_layout: None,
@@ -417,7 +414,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
     let lex_result2 =
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::empty()).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
-    let is_top_level = self.editor.auto_indent_level == 0;
+    let is_top_level = self.editor.indent_ctx.ctx().is_empty();
 
     let is_complete = match (lex_result1.is_err(), lex_result2.is_err()) {
       (true, true) => {
@@ -808,14 +805,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
       }
     }
 
-    if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('\\'), ModKeys::NONE) = key
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
-    {
-      self.next_is_escaped = true;
-    } else {
-      self.next_is_escaped = false;
-    }
-
     let Ok(cmd) = self.mode.handle_key_fallible(key) else {
       // it's an ex mode error
       self.mode = Box::new(ViNormal::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>;
@@ -834,8 +823,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
     }
 
     if cmd.is_submit_action()
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
-      && !self.editor.buffer.ends_with('\\')
+      && !self.editor.cursor_is_escaped()
       && (self.should_submit()? || !read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.linebreak_on_incomplete))
     {
       if self.editor.attempt_history_expansion(&self.history) {
@@ -1442,6 +1430,8 @@ pub fn annotate_input(input: &str) -> String {
   for tk in tokens.into_iter().rev() {
     let insertions = annotate_token(tk);
     for (pos, marker) in insertions {
+			log::info!("pos: {pos}, marker: {marker:?}");
+			log::info!("before: {annotated:?}");
       let pos = pos.max(0).min(annotated.len());
       annotated.insert(pos, marker);
     }
@@ -1623,6 +1613,12 @@ pub fn annotate_token(token: Tk) -> Vec<(usize, Marker)> {
 
   let mut insertions: Vec<(usize, Marker)> = vec![];
 
+  // Heredoc tokens have spans covering the body content far from the <<
+  // operator, which breaks position tracking after marker insertions
+  if token.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+    return insertions;
+  }
+
   if token.class != TkRule::Str
     && let Some(marker) = marker_for(&token.class)
   {

src/readline/tests.rs

@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@
 use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
 
 use crate::{
-  readline::{Prompt, ShedVi},
+  readline::{Prompt, ShedVi, annotate_input},
   testutil::TestGuard,
 };
 
+fn assert_annotated(input: &str, expected: &str) {
+  let result = annotate_input(input);
+  assert_eq!(result, expected, "\nInput: {input:?}");
+}
+
 /// Tests for our vim logic emulation. Each test consists of an initial text, a sequence of keys to feed, and the expected final text and cursor position.
 macro_rules! vi_test {
     { $($name:ident: $input:expr => $op:expr => $expected_text:expr,$expected_cursor:expr);* } => {
@@ -26,6 +31,202 @@ macro_rules! vi_test {
     };
 }
 
+// ===================== Annotation Tests =====================
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_simple_command() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated("ls | grep foo",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated("echo foo && echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e104}&&\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_output() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello > file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_append() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello >> file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_input() {
+  assert_annotated("cat < file.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_fd_redirect() {
+  assert_annotated("cmd 2>&1",
+    "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>&1\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_sub() {
+  assert_annotated("echo $HOME",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$HOME\u{e10d}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_brace_sub() {
+  assert_annotated("echo ${HOME}",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}${HOME}\u{e10d}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated("echo $(ls)",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(ls)\u{e10f}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_single_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated("echo 'hello world'",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e114}'hello world'\u{e115}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_double_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated("echo \"hello world\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello world\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment() {
+  assert_annotated("FOO=bar",
+    "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment_with_command() {
+  assert_annotated("FOO=bar echo hello",
+    "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_if_statement() {
+  assert_annotated("if true; then echo yes; fi",
+    "\u{e103}if\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}then\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}yes\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}fi\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_for_loop() {
+  assert_annotated("for i in a b c; do echo $i; done",
+    "\u{e103}for\u{e11a} \u{e102}i\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e102}a\u{e11a} \u{e102}b\u{e11a} \u{e102}c\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$i\u{e10d}\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_while_loop() {
+  assert_annotated("while true; do echo hello; done",
+    "\u{e103}while\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_case_statement() {
+  assert_annotated("case foo in bar) echo bar;; esac",
+    "\u{e103}case\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e104}bar\u{e109})\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}\u{e108};; \u{e11a}\u{e103}esac\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_brace_group() {
+  assert_annotated("{ echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_comment() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello # this is a comment",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e106}# this is a comment\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_semicolon_sep() {
+  assert_annotated("echo foo; echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_escaped_char() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello\\ world",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\\ world\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_glob() {
+  assert_annotated("ls *.txt",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e117}*\u{e11a}.txt\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_heredoc_operator() {
+  assert_annotated("cat <<EOF",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<\u{e11a}\u{e102}EOF\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_herestring_operator() {
+  assert_annotated("cat <<< hello",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<<\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_nested_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated("echo $(echo $(ls))",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(echo $(ls))\u{e10f}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_var_in_double_quotes() {
+  assert_annotated("echo \"hello $USER\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello \u{e10c}$USER\u{e10d}\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_func_def() {
+  assert_annotated("foo() { echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e103}foo()\u{e11a} \u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_negate() {
+  assert_annotated("! echo hello",
+    "\u{e104}!\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_or_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated("false || echo fallback",
+    "\u{e101}false\u{e11a} \u{e104}||\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}fallback\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_complex_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated("cat file.txt | grep pattern | wc -l",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}pattern\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}wc\u{e11a} \u{e102}-l\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_multiple_redirects() {
+  assert_annotated("cmd > out.txt 2> err.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}out.txt\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>\u{e11a} \u{e102}err.txt\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+// ===================== Vi Tests =====================
+
 fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
   let g = TestGuard::new();
   let prompt = Prompt::default();
@@ -38,198 +239,225 @@ fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
 
 // Why can't I marry a programming language
 vi_test! {
-  vi_dw_basic          : "hello world"        => "dw"           => "world", 0;
-  vi_dw_middle         : "one two three"      => "wdw"          => "one three", 4;
-  vi_dd_whole_line     : "hello world"        => "dd"           => "", 0;
-  vi_x_single          : "hello"              => "x"            => "ello", 0;
-  vi_x_middle          : "hello"              => "llx"          => "helo", 2;
-  vi_X_backdelete      : "hello"              => "llX"          => "hllo", 1;
-  vi_h_motion          : "hello"              => "$h"           => "hello", 3;
-  vi_l_motion          : "hello"              => "l"            => "hello", 1;
-  vi_h_at_start        : "hello"              => "h"            => "hello", 0;
-  vi_l_at_end          : "hello"              => "$l"           => "hello", 4;
-  vi_w_forward         : "one two three"      => "w"            => "one two three", 4;
-  vi_b_backward        : "one two three"      => "$b"           => "one two three", 8;
-  vi_e_end             : "one two three"      => "e"            => "one two three", 2;
-  vi_ge_back_end       : "one two three"      => "$ge"          => "one two three", 6;
-  vi_w_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"        => "w"            => "foo.bar baz", 3;
-  vi_e_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"        => "e"            => "foo.bar baz", 2;
-  vi_b_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"        => "$b"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
-  vi_w_at_eol          : "hello"              => "$w"           => "hello", 4;
-  vi_b_at_bol          : "hello"              => "b"            => "hello", 0;
-  vi_W_forward         : "foo.bar baz"        => "W"            => "foo.bar baz", 8;
-  vi_B_backward        : "foo.bar baz"        => "$B"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
-  vi_E_end             : "foo.bar baz"        => "E"            => "foo.bar baz", 6;
-  vi_gE_back_end       : "one two three"      => "$gE"          => "one two three", 6;
-  vi_W_skip_punct      : "one-two three"      => "W"            => "one-two three", 8;
-  vi_B_skip_punct      : "one two-three"      => "$B"           => "one two-three", 4;
-  vi_E_skip_punct      : "one-two three"      => "E"            => "one-two three", 6;
-  vi_dW_big            : "foo.bar baz"        => "dW"           => "baz", 0;
-  vi_cW_big            : "foo.bar baz"        => "cWx\x1b"      => "x baz", 0;
-  vi_zero_bol          : "  hello"            => "$0"           => "  hello", 0;
-  vi_caret_first_char  : "  hello"            => "$^"           => "  hello", 2;
-  vi_dollar_eol        : "hello world"        => "$"            => "hello world", 10;
-  vi_g_last_nonws      : "hello   "           => "g_"           => "hello   ", 4;
-  vi_g_no_trailing     : "hello"              => "g_"           => "hello", 4;
-  vi_pipe_column       : "hello world"        => "6|"           => "hello world", 5;
-  vi_pipe_col1         : "hello world"        => "1|"           => "hello world", 0;
-  vi_I_insert_front    : "  hello"            => "Iworld \x1b"  => "  world hello", 7;
-  vi_A_append_end      : "hello"              => "A world\x1b"  => "hello world", 10;
-  vi_f_find            : "hello world"        => "fo"           => "hello world", 4;
-  vi_F_find_back       : "hello world"        => "$Fo"          => "hello world", 7;
-  vi_t_till            : "hello world"        => "tw"           => "hello world", 5;
-  vi_T_till_back       : "hello world"        => "$To"          => "hello world", 8;
-  vi_f_no_match        : "hello"              => "fz"           => "hello", 0;
-  vi_semicolon_repeat  : "abcabc"             => "fa;;"         => "abcabc", 3;
-  vi_comma_reverse     : "abcabc"             => "fa;;,"        => "abcabc", 0;
-  vi_df_semicolon      : "abcabc"             => "fa;;dfa"      => "abcabc", 3;
-  vi_t_at_target       : "aab"                => "lta"          => "aab", 1;
-  vi_D_to_end          : "hello world"        => "wD"           => "hello ", 5;
-  vi_d_dollar          : "hello world"        => "wd$"          => "hello ", 5;
-  vi_d0_to_start       : "hello world"        => "$d0"          => "d", 0;
-  vi_dw_multiple       : "one two three"      => "d2w"          => "three", 0;
-  vi_dt_char           : "hello world"        => "dtw"          => "world", 0;
-  vi_df_char           : "hello world"        => "dfw"          => "orld", 0;
-  vi_dh_back           : "hello"              => "lldh"         => "hllo", 1;
-  vi_dl_forward        : "hello"              => "dl"           => "ello", 0;
-  vi_dge_back_end      : "one two three"      => "$dge"         => "one tw", 5;
-  vi_dG_to_end         : "hello world"        => "dG"           => "", 0;
-  vi_dgg_to_start      : "hello world"        => "$dgg"         => "", 0;
-  vi_d_semicolon       : "abcabc"             => "fad;"         => "abcabc", 3;
-  vi_cw_basic          : "hello world"        => "cwfoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
-  vi_C_to_end          : "hello world"        => "wCfoo\x1b"    => "hello foo", 8;
-  vi_cc_whole          : "hello world"        => "ccfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
-  vi_ct_char           : "hello world"        => "ctwfoo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
-  vi_s_single          : "hello"              => "sfoo\x1b"     => "fooello", 2;
-  vi_S_whole_line      : "hello world"        => "Sfoo\x1b"     => "foo", 2;
-  vi_cl_forward        : "hello"              => "clX\x1b"      => "Xello", 0;
-  vi_ch_backward       : "hello"              => "llchX\x1b"    => "hXllo", 1;
-  vi_cb_word_back      : "hello world"        => "$cbfoo\x1b"   => "hello food", 8;
-  vi_ce_word_end       : "hello world"        => "cefoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
-  vi_c0_to_start       : "hello world"        => "wc0foo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
-  vi_yw_p_basic        : "hello world"        => "ywwP"         => "hello hello world", 11;
-  vi_dw_p_paste        : "hello world"        => "dwP"          => "hello world", 5;
-  vi_dd_p_paste        : "hello world"        => "ddp"          => "\nhello world", 1;
-  vi_y_dollar_p        : "hello world"        => "wy$P"         => "hello worldworld", 10;
-  vi_ye_p              : "hello world"        => "yewP"         => "hello helloworld", 10;
-  vi_yy_p              : "hello world"        => "yyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
-  vi_Y_p               : "hello world"        => "Yp"           => "hhello worldello world", 11;
-  vi_p_after_x         : "hello"              => "xp"           => "ehllo", 1;
-  vi_P_before          : "hello"              => "llxP"         => "hello", 2;
-  vi_paste_empty       : "hello"              => "p"            => "hello", 0;
-  vi_r_replace         : "hello"              => "ra"           => "aello", 0;
-  vi_r_middle          : "hello"              => "llra"         => "healo", 2;
-  vi_r_at_end          : "hello"              => "$ra"          => "hella", 4;
-  vi_r_space           : "hello"              => "r "           => " ello", 0;
-  vi_r_with_count      : "hello"              => "3rx"          => "xxxlo", 2;
-  vi_tilde_single      : "hello"              => "~"            => "Hello", 1;
-  vi_tilde_count       : "hello"              => "3~"           => "HELlo", 3;
-  vi_tilde_at_end      : "HELLO"              => "$~"           => "HELLo", 4;
-  vi_tilde_mixed       : "hElLo"              => "5~"           => "HeLlO", 4;
-  vi_gu_word           : "HELLO world"        => "guw"          => "hello world", 0;
-  vi_gU_word           : "hello WORLD"        => "gUw"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
-  vi_gu_dollar         : "HELLO WORLD"        => "gu$"          => "hello world", 0;
-  vi_gU_dollar         : "hello world"        => "gU$"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
-  vi_gu_0              : "HELLO WORLD"        => "$gu0"         => "hello worlD", 0;
-  vi_gU_0              : "hello world"        => "$gU0"         => "HELLO WORLd", 0;
-  vi_gtilde_word       : "hello WORLD"        => "g~w"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
-  vi_gtilde_dollar     : "hello WORLD"        => "g~$"          => "HELLO world", 0;
-  vi_diw_inner         : "one two three"      => "wdiw"         => "one  three", 4;
-  vi_ciw_replace       : "hello world"        => "ciwfoo\x1b"   => "foo world", 2;
-  vi_daw_around        : "one two three"      => "wdaw"         => "one three", 4;
-  vi_yiw_p             : "hello world"        => "yiwAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello", 17;
-  vi_diW_big_inner     : "one-two three"      => "diW"          => " three", 0;
-  vi_daW_big_around    : "one two-three end"  => "wdaW"         => "one end", 4;
-  vi_ciW_big           : "one-two three"      => "ciWx\x1b"     => "x three", 0;
-  vi_di_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"  => "f\"di\""      => "one \"\" three", 5;
-  vi_da_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"  => "f\"da\""      => "one three", 4;
-  vi_ci_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"  => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
-  vi_di_squote         : "one 'two' three"    => "f'di'"        => "one '' three", 5;
-  vi_da_squote         : "one 'two' three"    => "f'da'"        => "one three", 4;
-  vi_di_backtick       : "one `two` three"    => "f`di`"        => "one `` three", 5;
-  vi_da_backtick       : "one `two` three"    => "f`da`"        => "one three", 4;
-  vi_ci_dquote_empty   : "one \"\" three"     => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
-  vi_di_paren          : "one (two) three"    => "f(di("        => "one () three", 5;
-  vi_da_paren          : "one (two) three"    => "f(da("        => "one  three", 4;
-  vi_ci_paren          : "one (two) three"    => "f(ci(x\x1b"   => "one (x) three", 5;
-  vi_di_brace          : "one {two} three"    => "f{di{"        => "one {} three", 5;
-  vi_da_brace          : "one {two} three"    => "f{da{"        => "one  three", 4;
-  vi_di_bracket        : "one [two] three"    => "f[di["        => "one [] three", 5;
-  vi_da_bracket        : "one [two] three"    => "f[da["        => "one  three", 4;
-  vi_di_angle          : "one <two> three"    => "f<di<"        => "one <> three", 5;
-  vi_da_angle          : "one <two> three"    => "f<da<"        => "one  three", 4;
-  vi_di_paren_nested   : "fn(a, (b, c))"      => "f(di("        => "fn()", 3;
-  vi_di_paren_empty    : "fn() end"           => "f(di("        => "fn() end", 3;
-  vi_dib_alias         : "one (two) three"    => "f(dib"        => "one () three", 5;
-  vi_diB_alias         : "one {two} three"    => "f{diB"        => "one {} three", 5;
-  vi_percent_paren     : "(hello) world"      => "%"            => "(hello) world", 6;
-  vi_percent_brace     : "{hello} world"      => "%"            => "{hello} world", 6;
-  vi_percent_bracket   : "[hello] world"      => "%"            => "[hello] world", 6;
-  vi_percent_from_close: "(hello) world"      => "f)%"          => "(hello) world", 0;
-  vi_d_percent_paren   : "(hello) world"      => "d%"           => " world", 0;
-  vi_i_insert          : "hello"              => "iX\x1b"       => "Xhello", 0;
-  vi_a_append          : "hello"              => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
-  vi_I_front           : "  hello"            => "IX\x1b"       => "  Xhello", 2;
-  vi_A_end             : "hello"              => "AX\x1b"       => "helloX", 5;
-  vi_o_open_below      : "hello"              => "oworld\x1b"   => "hello\nworld", 10;
-  vi_O_open_above      : "hello"              => "Oworld\x1b"   => "world\nhello", 4;
-  vi_empty_input       : ""                   => "i hello\x1b"  => " hello", 5;
-  vi_insert_escape     : "hello"              => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
-  vi_ctrl_w_del_word   : "hello world"        => "A\x17\x1b"    => "hello ", 5;
-  vi_ctrl_h_backspace  : "hello"              => "A\x08\x1b"    => "hell", 3;
-  vi_u_undo_delete     : "hello world"        => "dwu"          => "hello world", 0;
-  vi_u_undo_change     : "hello world"        => "ciwfoo\x1bu"  => "hello world", 0;
-  vi_u_undo_x          : "hello"              => "xu"           => "hello", 0;
-  vi_ctrl_r_redo       : "hello"              => "xu\x12"       => "ello", 0;
-  vi_u_multiple        : "hello world"        => "xdwu"         => "ello world", 0;
-  vi_redo_after_undo   : "hello world"        => "dwu\x12"      => "world", 0;
-  vi_dot_repeat_x      : "hello"              => "x."           => "llo", 0;
-  vi_dot_repeat_dw     : "one two three"      => "dw."          => "three", 0;
-  vi_dot_repeat_cw     : "one two three"      => "cwfoo\x1bw."  => "foo foo three", 6;
-  vi_dot_repeat_r      : "hello"              => "ra.."         => "aello", 0;
-  vi_dot_repeat_s      : "hello"              => "sX\x1bl."     => "XXllo", 1;
-  vi_count_h           : "hello world"        => "$3h"          => "hello world", 7;
-  vi_count_l           : "hello world"        => "3l"           => "hello world", 3;
-  vi_count_w           : "one two three four" => "2w"           => "one two three four", 8;
-  vi_count_b           : "one two three four" => "$2b"          => "one two three four", 8;
-  vi_count_x           : "hello"              => "3x"           => "lo", 0;
-  vi_count_dw          : "one two three four" => "2dw"          => "three four", 0;
-  vi_verb_count_motion : "one two three four" => "d2w"          => "three four", 0;
-  vi_count_s           : "hello"              => "3sX\x1b"      => "Xlo", 0;
-  vi_indent_line       : "hello"              => ">>"           => "\thello", 1;
-  vi_dedent_line       : "\thello"            => "<<"           => "hello", 0;
-  vi_indent_double     : "hello"              => ">>>>"         => "\t\thello", 2;
-  vi_J_join_lines      : "hello\nworld"       => "J"            => "hello world", 5;
-  vi_v_u_lower         : "HELLO"              => "vlllu"        => "hellO", 0;
-  vi_v_U_upper         : "hello"              => "vlllU"        => "HELLo", 0;
-  vi_v_d_delete        : "hello world"        => "vwwd"         => "", 0;
-  vi_v_x_delete        : "hello world"        => "vwwx"         => "", 0;
-  vi_v_c_change        : "hello world"        => "vwcfoo\x1b"   => "fooorld", 2;
-  vi_v_y_p_yank        : "hello world"        => "vwyAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello w", 19;
-  vi_v_dollar_d        : "hello world"        => "wv$d"         => "hello ", 5;
-  vi_v_0_d             : "hello world"        => "$v0d"         => "", 0;
-  vi_ve_d              : "hello world"        => "ved"          => " world", 0;
-  vi_v_o_swap          : "hello world"        => "vllod"        => "lo world", 0;
-  vi_v_r_replace       : "hello"              => "vlllrx"       => "xxxxo", 0;
-  vi_v_tilde_case      : "hello"              => "vlll~"        => "HELLo", 0;
-  vi_V_d_delete        : "hello world"        => "Vd"           => "", 0;
-  vi_V_y_p             : "hello world"        => "Vyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
-  vi_V_S_change        : "hello world"        => "VSfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
-  vi_ctrl_a_inc        : "num 5 end"          => "w\x01"        => "num 6 end", 4;
-  vi_ctrl_x_dec        : "num 5 end"          => "w\x18"        => "num 4 end", 4;
-  vi_ctrl_a_negative   : "num -3 end"         => "w\x01"        => "num -2 end", 4;
-  vi_ctrl_x_to_neg     : "num 0 end"          => "w\x18"        => "num -1 end", 4;
-  vi_ctrl_a_count      : "num 5 end"          => "w3\x01"       => "num 8 end", 4;
-  vi_ctrl_a_width      : "num -00001 end"     => "w\x01"        => "num 00000 end", 4;
-  vi_delete_empty      : ""                   => "x"            => "", 0;
-  vi_undo_on_empty     : ""                   => "u"            => "", 0;
-  vi_w_single_char     : "a b c"              => "w"            => "a b c", 2;
-  vi_dw_last_word      : "hello"              => "dw"           => "", 0;
-  vi_dollar_single     : "h"                  => "$"            => "h", 0;
-  vi_caret_no_ws       : "hello"              => "$^"           => "hello", 0;
-  vi_f_last_char       : "hello"              => "fo"           => "hello", 4;
-  vi_r_on_space        : "hello world"        => "5|r-"         => "hell- world", 4;
-  vi_vw_doesnt_crash   : ""        						=> "vw"           => "", 0;
-  vi_indent_cursor_pos : "echo foo"           => ">>"           => "\techo foo", 1;
+  vi_dw_basic          : "hello world"            => "dw"           => "world", 0;
+  vi_dw_middle         : "one two three"          => "wdw"          => "one three", 4;
+  vi_dd_whole_line     : "hello world"            => "dd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_x_single          : "hello"                  => "x"            => "ello", 0;
+  vi_x_middle          : "hello"                  => "llx"          => "helo", 2;
+  vi_X_backdelete      : "hello"                  => "llX"          => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_h_motion          : "hello"                  => "$h"           => "hello", 3;
+  vi_l_motion          : "hello"                  => "l"            => "hello", 1;
+  vi_h_at_start        : "hello"                  => "h"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_l_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$l"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_w_forward         : "one two three"          => "w"            => "one two three", 4;
+  vi_b_backward        : "one two three"          => "$b"           => "one two three", 8;
+  vi_e_end             : "one two three"          => "e"            => "one two three", 2;
+  vi_ge_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$ge"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_w_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "w"            => "foo.bar baz", 3;
+  vi_e_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "e"            => "foo.bar baz", 2;
+  vi_b_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "$b"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_w_at_eol          : "hello"                  => "$w"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_b_at_bol          : "hello"                  => "b"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_W_forward         : "foo.bar baz"            => "W"            => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_B_backward        : "foo.bar baz"            => "$B"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_E_end             : "foo.bar baz"            => "E"            => "foo.bar baz", 6;
+  vi_gE_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$gE"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_W_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "W"            => "one-two three", 8;
+  vi_B_skip_punct      : "one two-three"          => "$B"           => "one two-three", 4;
+  vi_E_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "E"            => "one-two three", 6;
+  vi_dW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "dW"           => "baz", 0;
+  vi_cW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "cWx\x1b"      => "x baz", 0;
+  vi_zero_bol          : "  hello"                => "$0"           => "  hello", 0;
+  vi_caret_first_char  : "  hello"                => "$^"           => "  hello", 2;
+  vi_dollar_eol        : "hello world"            => "$"            => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_g_last_nonws      : "hello   "               => "g_"           => "hello   ", 4;
+  vi_g_no_trailing     : "hello"                  => "g_"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_pipe_column       : "hello world"            => "6|"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_pipe_col1         : "hello world"            => "1|"           => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_I_insert_front    : "  hello"                => "Iworld \x1b"  => "  world hello", 7;
+  vi_A_append_end      : "hello"                  => "A world\x1b"  => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_f_find            : "hello world"            => "fo"           => "hello world", 4;
+  vi_F_find_back       : "hello world"            => "$Fo"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_t_till            : "hello world"            => "tw"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_T_till_back       : "hello world"            => "$To"          => "hello world", 8;
+  vi_f_no_match        : "hello"                  => "fz"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_semicolon_repeat  : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_comma_reverse     : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;,"        => "abcabc", 0;
+  vi_df_semicolon      : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;dfa"      => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_t_at_target       : "aab"                    => "lta"          => "aab", 1;
+  vi_D_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wD"           => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d_dollar          : "hello world"            => "wd$"          => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "$d0"          => "d", 0;
+  vi_dw_multiple       : "one two three"          => "d2w"          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dt_char           : "hello world"            => "dtw"          => "world", 0;
+  vi_df_char           : "hello world"            => "dfw"          => "orld", 0;
+  vi_dh_back           : "hello"                  => "lldh"         => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_dl_forward        : "hello"                  => "dl"           => "ello", 0;
+  vi_dge_back_end      : "one two three"          => "$dge"         => "one tw", 5;
+  vi_dG_to_end         : "hello world"            => "dG"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dgg_to_start      : "hello world"            => "$dgg"         => "", 0;
+  vi_d_semicolon       : "abcabc"                 => "fad;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_cw_basic          : "hello world"            => "cwfoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_C_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wCfoo\x1b"    => "hello foo", 8;
+  vi_cc_whole          : "hello world"            => "ccfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ct_char           : "hello world"            => "ctwfoo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_s_single          : "hello"                  => "sfoo\x1b"     => "fooello", 2;
+  vi_S_whole_line      : "hello world"            => "Sfoo\x1b"     => "foo", 2;
+  vi_cl_forward        : "hello"                  => "clX\x1b"      => "Xello", 0;
+  vi_ch_backward       : "hello"                  => "llchX\x1b"    => "hXllo", 1;
+  vi_cb_word_back      : "hello world"            => "$cbfoo\x1b"   => "hello food", 8;
+  vi_ce_word_end       : "hello world"            => "cefoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_c0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "wc0foo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_yw_p_basic        : "hello world"            => "ywwP"         => "hello hello world", 11;
+  vi_dw_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "dwP"          => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_dd_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "ddp"          => "\nhello world", 1;
+  vi_y_dollar_p        : "hello world"            => "wy$P"         => "hello worldworld", 10;
+  vi_ye_p              : "hello world"            => "yewP"         => "hello helloworld", 10;
+  vi_yy_p              : "hello world"            => "yyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_Y_p               : "hello world"            => "Yp"           => "hhello worldello world", 11;
+  vi_p_after_x         : "hello"                  => "xp"           => "ehllo", 1;
+  vi_P_before          : "hello"                  => "llxP"         => "hello", 2;
+  vi_paste_empty       : "hello"                  => "p"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_r_replace         : "hello"                  => "ra"           => "aello", 0;
+  vi_r_middle          : "hello"                  => "llra"         => "healo", 2;
+  vi_r_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$ra"          => "hella", 4;
+  vi_r_space           : "hello"                  => "r "           => " ello", 0;
+  vi_r_with_count      : "hello"                  => "3rx"          => "xxxlo", 2;
+  vi_tilde_single      : "hello"                  => "~"            => "Hello", 1;
+  vi_tilde_count       : "hello"                  => "3~"           => "HELlo", 3;
+  vi_tilde_at_end      : "HELLO"                  => "$~"           => "HELLo", 4;
+  vi_tilde_mixed       : "hElLo"                  => "5~"           => "HeLlO", 4;
+  vi_gu_word           : "HELLO world"            => "guw"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_word           : "hello WORLD"            => "gUw"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_dollar         : "HELLO WORLD"            => "gu$"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_dollar         : "hello world"            => "gU$"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_0              : "HELLO WORLD"            => "$gu0"         => "hello worlD", 0;
+  vi_gU_0              : "hello world"            => "$gU0"         => "HELLO WORLd", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_word       : "hello WORLD"            => "g~w"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_dollar     : "hello WORLD"            => "g~$"          => "HELLO world", 0;
+  vi_diw_inner         : "one two three"          => "wdiw"         => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ciw_replace       : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1b"   => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_daw_around        : "one two three"          => "wdaw"         => "one three", 4;
+  vi_yiw_p             : "hello world"            => "yiwAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello", 17;
+  vi_diW_big_inner     : "one-two three"          => "diW"          => " three", 0;
+  vi_daW_big_around    : "one two-three end"      => "wdaW"         => "one end", 4;
+  vi_ciW_big           : "one-two three"          => "ciWx\x1b"     => "x three", 0;
+  vi_di_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"di\""      => "one \"\" three", 5;
+  vi_da_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"da\""      => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'di'"        => "one '' three", 5;
+  vi_da_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'da'"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_di_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`di`"        => "one `` three", 5;
+  vi_da_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`da`"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote_empty   : "one \"\" three"         => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(di("        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_da_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(da("        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ci_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(ci(x\x1b"   => "one (x) three", 5;
+  vi_di_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{di{"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_da_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{da{"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[di["        => "one [] three", 5;
+  vi_da_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[da["        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<di<"        => "one <> three", 5;
+  vi_da_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<da<"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_paren_nested   : "fn(a, (b, c))"          => "f(di("        => "fn()", 3;
+  vi_di_paren_empty    : "fn() end"               => "f(di("        => "fn() end", 3;
+  vi_dib_alias         : "one (two) three"        => "f(dib"        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_diB_alias         : "one {two} three"        => "f{diB"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_percent_paren     : "(hello) world"          => "%"            => "(hello) world", 6;
+  vi_percent_brace     : "{hello} world"          => "%"            => "{hello} world", 6;
+  vi_percent_bracket   : "[hello] world"          => "%"            => "[hello] world", 6;
+  vi_percent_from_close: "(hello) world"          => "f)%"          => "(hello) world", 0;
+  vi_d_percent_paren   : "(hello) world"          => "d%"           => " world", 0;
+  vi_i_insert          : "hello"                  => "iX\x1b"       => "Xhello", 0;
+  vi_a_append          : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_I_front           : "  hello"                => "IX\x1b"       => "  Xhello", 2;
+  vi_A_end             : "hello"                  => "AX\x1b"       => "helloX", 5;
+  vi_o_open_below      : "hello"                  => "oworld\x1b"   => "hello\nworld", 10;
+  vi_O_open_above      : "hello"                  => "Oworld\x1b"   => "world\nhello", 4;
+  vi_empty_input       : ""                       => "i hello\x1b"  => " hello", 5;
+  vi_insert_escape     : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_ctrl_w_del_word   : "hello world"            => "A\x17\x1b"    => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_ctrl_h_backspace  : "hello"                  => "A\x08\x1b"    => "hell", 3;
+  vi_u_undo_delete     : "hello world"            => "dwu"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_change     : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1bu"  => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_x          : "hello"                  => "xu"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_ctrl_r_redo       : "hello"                  => "xu\x12"       => "ello", 0;
+  vi_u_multiple        : "hello world"            => "xdwu"         => "ello world", 0;
+  vi_redo_after_undo   : "hello world"            => "dwu\x12"      => "world", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_x      : "hello"                  => "x."           => "llo", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_dw     : "one two three"          => "dw."          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_cw     : "one two three"          => "cwfoo\x1bw."  => "foo foo three", 6;
+  vi_dot_repeat_r      : "hello"                  => "ra.."         => "aello", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_s      : "hello"                  => "sX\x1bl."     => "XXllo", 1;
+  vi_count_h           : "hello world"            => "$3h"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_count_l           : "hello world"            => "3l"           => "hello world", 3;
+  vi_count_w           : "one two three four"     => "2w"           => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_b           : "one two three four"     => "$2b"          => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_x           : "hello"                  => "3x"           => "lo", 0;
+  vi_count_dw          : "one two three four"     => "2dw"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_verb_count_motion : "one two three four"     => "d2w"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_count_s           : "hello"                  => "3sX\x1b"      => "Xlo", 0;
+  vi_indent_line       : "hello"                  => ">>"           => "\thello", 1;
+  vi_dedent_line       : "\thello"                => "<<"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_indent_double     : "hello"                  => ">>>>"         => "\t\thello", 2;
+  vi_J_join_lines      : "hello\nworld"           => "J"            => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_v_u_lower         : "HELLO"                  => "vlllu"        => "hellO", 0;
+  vi_v_U_upper         : "hello"                  => "vlllU"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_v_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwd"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_x_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwx"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_c_change        : "hello world"            => "vwcfoo\x1b"   => "fooorld", 2;
+  vi_v_y_p_yank        : "hello world"            => "vwyAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello w", 19;
+  vi_v_dollar_d        : "hello world"            => "wv$d"         => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_v_0_d             : "hello world"            => "$v0d"         => "", 0;
+  vi_ve_d              : "hello world"            => "ved"          => " world", 0;
+  vi_v_o_swap          : "hello world"            => "vllod"        => "lo world", 0;
+  vi_v_r_replace       : "hello"                  => "vlllrx"       => "xxxxo", 0;
+  vi_v_tilde_case      : "hello"                  => "vlll~"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_V_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "Vd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_V_y_p             : "hello world"            => "Vyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_V_S_change        : "hello world"            => "VSfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ctrl_a_inc        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x01"        => "num 6 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_dec        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num 4 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_negative   : "num -3 end"             => "w\x01"        => "num -2 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_to_neg     : "num 0 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num -1 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_count      : "num 5 end"              => "w3\x01"       => "num 8 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_width      : "num -00001 end"         => "w\x01"        => "num 00000 end", 4;
+  vi_delete_empty      : ""                       => "x"            => "", 0;
+  vi_undo_on_empty     : ""                       => "u"            => "", 0;
+  vi_w_single_char     : "a b c"                  => "w"            => "a b c", 2;
+  vi_dw_last_word      : "hello"                  => "dw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dollar_single     : "h"                      => "$"            => "h", 0;
+  vi_caret_no_ws       : "hello"                  => "$^"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_f_last_char       : "hello"                  => "fo"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_r_on_space        : "hello world"            => "5|r-"         => "hell- world", 4;
+  vi_vw_doesnt_crash   : ""        					      => "vw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_indent_cursor_pos : "echo foo"               => ">>"           => "\techo foo", 1;
   vi_join_indent_lines : "echo foo\n\t\techo bar" => "J"        => "echo foo echo bar", 8
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn vi_auto_indent() {
+	let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+
+	// Type each line and press Enter separately so auto-indent triggers
+	let lines = [
+		"func() {",
+		"case foo in",
+		"bar)",
+		"while true; do",
+		"echo foo \\\rbar \\\rbiz \\\rbazz\rbreak\rdone\r;;\resac\r}"
+	];
+
+	for (i,line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+		vi.feed_bytes(line.as_bytes());
+		if i != lines.len() - 1 {
+			vi.feed_bytes(b"\r");
+		}
+		vi.process_input().unwrap();
+	}
+
+	assert_eq!(
+		vi.editor.as_str(),
+		"func() {\n\tcase foo in\n\t\tbar)\n\t\t\twhile true; do\n\t\t\t\techo foo \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbar \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbiz \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbazz\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\tdone\n\t\t;;\n\tesac\n}"
+	);
+}

src/shopt.rs

@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ pub struct ShOptCore {
   pub bell_enabled: bool,
   pub max_recurse_depth: usize,
   pub xpg_echo: bool,
+  pub noclobber: bool,
 }
 
 impl ShOptCore {
@@ -238,6 +239,15 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         };
         self.xpg_echo = val;
       }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<bool>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected 'true' or 'false' for noclobber value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.noclobber = val;
+      }
       _ => {
         return Err(ShErr::simple(
           ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
@@ -304,6 +314,11 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.xpg_echo));
         Ok(Some(output))
       }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let mut output = String::from("Prevent > from overwriting existing files (use >| to override)\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.noclobber));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
       _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
         ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
         format!("shopt: Unexpected 'core' option '{query}'"),
@@ -327,6 +342,7 @@ impl Display for ShOptCore {
     output.push(format!("bell_enabled = {}", self.bell_enabled));
     output.push(format!("max_recurse_depth = {}", self.max_recurse_depth));
     output.push(format!("xpg_echo = {}", self.xpg_echo));
+    output.push(format!("noclobber = {}", self.noclobber));
 
     let final_output = output.join("\n");
 
@@ -346,6 +362,7 @@ impl Default for ShOptCore {
       bell_enabled: true,
       max_recurse_depth: 1000,
       xpg_echo: false,
+      noclobber: false,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -589,6 +606,7 @@ mod tests {
       bell_enabled,
       max_recurse_depth,
       xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
     } = ShOptCore::default();
     // If a field is added to the struct, this destructure fails to compile.
     let _ = (
@@ -601,6 +619,7 @@ mod tests {
       bell_enabled,
       max_recurse_depth,
       xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
     );
   }
 

src/state.rs

@@ -1330,6 +1330,15 @@ impl VarTab {
         .get(&ShellParam::Status)
         .map(|s| s.to_string())
         .unwrap_or("0".into()),
+			ShellParam::AllArgsStr => {
+				let ifs = get_separator();
+				self
+					.params
+					.get(&ShellParam::AllArgs)
+					.map(|s| s.replace(markers::ARG_SEP, &ifs).to_string())
+					.unwrap_or_default()
+			}
+
       _ => self
         .params
         .get(&param)
@@ -1842,6 +1851,15 @@ pub fn change_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(dir: P) -> ShResult<()> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn get_separator() -> String {
+	env::var("IFS")
+		.unwrap_or(String::from(" "))
+		.chars()
+		.next()
+		.unwrap()
+		.to_string()
+}
+
 pub fn get_status() -> i32 {
   read_vars(|v| v.get_param(ShellParam::Status))
     .parse::<i32>()

src/testutil.rs

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl TestGuard {
     }
   }
 
-  pub fn pty_slave(&self) -> BorrowedFd {
+  pub fn pty_slave(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
     unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.pty_slave.as_raw_fd()) }
   }
 
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl crate::parse::Node {
       if offender.is_none()
         && expected_rule
           .as_ref()
-          .map_or(true, |e| *e != s.class.as_nd_kind())
+          .is_none_or(|e| *e != s.class.as_nd_kind())
       {
         offender = Some((s.class.as_nd_kind(), expected_rule));
       } else if offender.is_none() {