implement tilde expansion for ~user and ~uid using nix User lookups

implemented backtick command subs

deferred heredoc expansion until redir time instead of parse time

implemented "$*" expansions

function defs like 'func   ()  { }' now parse correctly

fixed conjunctions short circuiting instead of skipping

.cargo/config.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[env]
+# we need to use one thread for tests
+# so that they arent stepping on eachother's toes
+# plus it matches the single-threaded behavior of the program
+# more closely anyway
+RUST_TEST_THREADS = "1"

Cargo.lock

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ version = "1.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "40c48f72fd53cd289104fc64099abca73db4166ad86ea0b4341abe65af83dadc"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ checksum = "291e6a250ff86cd4a820112fb8898808a366d8f9f58ce16d1f538353ad55747d"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "once_cell_polyfill",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -158,18 +158,6 @@ version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b05b61dc5112cbb17e4b6cd61790d9845d13888356391624cbe7e41efeac1e75"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "console"
-version = "0.15.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "054ccb5b10f9f2cbf51eb355ca1d05c2d279ce1804688d0db74b4733a5aeafd8"
-dependencies = [
- "encode_unicode",
- "libc",
- "once_cell",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -191,12 +179,6 @@ version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "48c757948c5ede0e46177b7add2e67155f70e33c07fea8284df6576da70b3719"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "encode_unicode"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34aa73646ffb006b8f5147f3dc182bd4bcb190227ce861fc4a4844bf8e3cb2c0"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "env_filter"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -233,7 +215,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -307,18 +289,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_core",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "insta"
-version = "1.46.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e82db8c87c7f1ccecb34ce0c24399b8a73081427f3c7c50a5d597925356115e4"
-dependencies = [
- "console",
- "once_cell",
- "similar",
- "tempfile",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
 version = "1.70.2"
@@ -533,7 +503,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -599,7 +569,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "clap",
  "env_logger",
  "glob",
- "insta",
  "itertools",
  "log",
  "nix",
@@ -615,12 +584,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "yansi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "similar"
-version = "2.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbbb5d9659141646ae647b42fe094daf6c6192d1620870b449d9557f748b2daa"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.11.1"
@@ -648,7 +611,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -749,15 +712,6 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e38bc4d79ed67fd075bcc251a1c39b32a1776bbe92e5bef1f0bf1f8c531853b"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.61.2"
@@ -767,70 +721,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc",
- "windows_i686_gnu",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm",
- "windows_i686_msvc",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
 version = "0.51.0"

Cargo.toml

@@ -17,7 +17,20 @@ env_logger = "0.11.9"
 glob = "0.3.2"
 itertools = "0.14.0"
 log = "0.4.29"
-nix = { version = "0.29.0", features = ["uio", "term", "user", "hostname", "fs", "default", "signal", "process", "event", "ioctl", "poll"] }
+nix = { version = "0.29.0", features = [
+		"uio",
+		"term",
+		"user",
+		"resource",
+		"hostname",
+		"fs",
+		"default",
+		"signal",
+		"process",
+		"event",
+		"ioctl",
+		"poll"
+	] }
 rand = "0.10.0"
 regex = "1.11.1"
 scopeguard = "1.2.0"
@@ -28,7 +41,6 @@ vte = "0.15"
 yansi = "1.0.1"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-insta = "1.42.2"
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
 tempfile = "3.24.0"
 

README.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ A Linux shell written in Rust. The name is a nod to the original Unix utilities
 
 ### Line Editor
 
-`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt.
+`shed` includes a built-in `vim` emulator as its line editor, written from scratch. It aims to provide a more precise vim-like editing experience at the shell prompt than conventional `vi` mode implementations.
 
 - **Normal mode** - motions (`w`, `b`, `e`, `f`, `t`, `%`, `0`, `$`, etc.), verbs (`d`, `c`, `y`, `p`, `r`, `x`, `~`, etc.), text objects (`iw`, `aw`, `i"`, `a{`, `is`, etc.), registers, `.` repeat, `;`/`,` repeat, and counts
 - **Insert mode** - insert, append, replace, with Ctrl+W word deletion and undo/redo
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ A Linux shell written in Rust. The name is a nod to the original Unix utilities
 - **Real-time syntax highlighting** - commands, keywords, strings, variables, redirections, and operators are colored as you type
 - **Tab completion** - context-aware completion for commands, file paths, and variables
 
+---
+
 ### Prompt
 
 The prompt string supports escape sequences for dynamic content:
@@ -40,6 +42,8 @@ export PS1='\u@\h \W \@gitbranch \$ '
 
 Additionally, `echo` now has a `-p` flag that expands prompt escape sequences, similar to how the `-e` flag expands conventional escape sequences.
 
+---
+
 ### I Can't Believe It's Not `fzf`!
 
 `shed` comes with fuzzy completion and history searching out of the box. It has it's own internal fuzzyfinder implementation, so `fzf` is not a dependency.
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ Additionally, `echo` now has a `-p` flag that expands prompt escape sequences, s
 <img width="380" height="270" alt="shed_comp" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d317387e-4c33-406a-817f-1c183afab749" />
 <img width="380" height="270" alt="shed_search" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5109eb14-5c33-46bb-ab39-33c60ca039a8" />
 
+---
 
 ### Keymaps
 
@@ -69,6 +74,8 @@ Use `keymap --remove <keys>` to remove a binding.
 
 Shell commands run via keymaps have read-write access to the line editor state through special variables: `$_BUFFER` (current line contents), `$_CURSOR` (cursor position), `$_ANCHOR` (visual selection anchor), and `$_KEYS` (inject key sequences back into the editor). Modifying these variables from within the command updates the editor when it returns.
 
+---
+
 ### Autocmds
 
 The `autocmd` builtin registers shell commands to run on specific events:
@@ -94,6 +101,8 @@ Available events:
 
 Use `-p <pattern>` to filter by regex, and `-c` to clear all autocmds for an event. The pattern matched by `-p` changes by context, and not all autocmds have a pattern to match.
 
+---
+
 ### Shell Language
 
 shed's scripting language contains all of the essentials.
@@ -113,6 +122,8 @@ shed's scripting language contains all of the essentials.
 - **Subshells** - `(...)` for isolated execution
 - **Variable attributes** - `export`, `local`, `readonly`
 
+---
+
 ### Job Control
 
 - Background execution with `&`
@@ -120,6 +131,8 @@ shed's scripting language contains all of the essentials.
 - `fg`, `bg`, `jobs`, `disown` with flags (`-l`, `-p`, `-r`, `-s`, `-h`, `-a`)
 - Process group management and proper signal forwarding
 
+---
+
 ### Configuration
 
 Shell options are managed through `shopt`:
@@ -134,6 +147,8 @@ shopt core.max_hist=5000        # history size
 
 The rc file is loaded from `~/.shedrc` on startup.
 
+---
+
 ## Building
 
 ### Cargo

flake.nix

@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@
         lockFile = ./Cargo.lock;
       };
 
-      doCheck = false;
       passthru.shellPath = "/bin/shed";
 
+      checkPhase = ''
+        cargo test -- --test-threads=1
+      '';
+
       meta = with pkgs.lib; {
         description = "A Linux shell written in Rust";
         homepage = "https://github.com/km-clay/shed";

src/builtin/alias.rs

@@ -38,21 +38,32 @@ pub fn alias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     write(stdout, alias_output.as_bytes())?; // Write it
   } else {
     for (arg, span) in argv {
-      if arg == "command" || arg == "builtin" {
+      let Some((name, body)) = arg.split_once('=') else {
+        let Some(alias) = read_logic(|l| l.get_alias(&arg)) else {
+          return Err(ShErr::at(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            span,
+            "alias: Expected an assignment in alias args",
+          ));
+        };
+
+        let alias_output = format!("{arg}='{alias}'");
+
+        let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+        write(stdout, alias_output.as_bytes())?; // Write it
+        state::set_status(0);
+        return Ok(());
+      };
+      if name == "command" || name == "builtin" {
         return Err(ShErr::at(
           ShErrKind::ExecFail,
           span,
-          format!("alias: Cannot assign alias to reserved name '{arg}'"),
+          format!(
+            "alias: Cannot assign alias to reserved name '{}'",
+            name.fg(next_color())
+          ),
         ));
       }
-
-      let Some((name, body)) = arg.split_once('=') else {
-        return Err(ShErr::at(
-          ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
-          span,
-          "alias: Expected an assignment in alias args",
-        ));
-      };
       write_logic(|l| l.insert_alias(name, body, span.clone()));
     }
   }
@@ -60,6 +71,7 @@ pub fn alias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Remove one or more aliases by name
 pub fn unalias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   let NdRule::Command {
     assignments: _,
@@ -103,3 +115,164 @@ pub fn unalias(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, read_logic};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_set_and_expand() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias ll='ls -la'").unwrap();
+
+    let alias = read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("ll"));
+    assert!(alias.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(alias.unwrap().body, "ls -la");
+
+    test_input("alias ll").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("ll"));
+    assert!(out.contains("ls -la"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_multiple() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias a='echo a' b='echo b'").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("a")).unwrap().body, "echo a");
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("b")).unwrap().body, "echo b");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_overwrite() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias x='first'").unwrap();
+    test_input("alias x='second'").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("x")).unwrap().body, "second");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_list_sorted() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias z='zzz' a='aaa' m='mmm'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("alias").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.lines().collect();
+
+    assert!(lines.len() >= 3);
+    let a_pos = lines.iter().position(|l| l.contains("a =")).unwrap();
+    let m_pos = lines.iter().position(|l| l.contains("m =")).unwrap();
+    let z_pos = lines.iter().position(|l| l.contains("z =")).unwrap();
+    assert!(a_pos < m_pos);
+    assert!(m_pos < z_pos);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_reserved_name_command() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("alias command='something'");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_reserved_name_builtin() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("alias builtin='something'");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_missing_equals() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("alias noequals");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_expansion_in_command() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias greet='echo hello'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("greet").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_expansion_with_args() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias e='echo'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("e foo bar").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "foo bar\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unalias_removes() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias tmp='something'").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("tmp")).is_some());
+
+    test_input("unalias tmp").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("tmp")).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unalias_nonexistent() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("unalias nosuchalias");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unalias_multiple() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias a='1' b='2' c='3'").unwrap();
+    test_input("unalias a c").unwrap();
+
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("a")).is_none());
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("b")).is_some());
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("c")).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unalias_no_args_lists() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias x='hello'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("unalias").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("x"));
+    assert!(out.contains("hello"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_empty_body() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias empty=''").unwrap();
+
+    let alias = read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("empty"));
+    assert!(alias.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(alias.unwrap().body, "");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn alias_status_zero() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias ok='true'").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+
+    test_input("unalias ok").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/arrops.rs

@@ -226,3 +226,266 @@ pub fn get_arr_op_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<ArrOpOpts> {
   }
   Ok(arr_op_opts)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+  fn set_arr(name: &str, elems: &[&str]) {
+    let arr = VecDeque::from_iter(elems.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var(name, VarKind::Arr(arr), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+  }
+
+  fn get_arr(name: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    read_vars(|v| v.get_arr_elems(name)).unwrap()
+  }
+
+  // ===================== push =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn push_to_existing_array() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b"]);
+
+    test_input("push arr c").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn push_creates_array() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("push newarr hello").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("newarr"), vec!["hello"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn push_multiple_values() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a"]);
+
+    test_input("push arr b c d").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn push_no_array_name() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("push");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== fpush =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpush_to_existing_array() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["b", "c"]);
+
+    test_input("fpush arr a").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpush_multiple_values() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["c"]);
+
+    test_input("fpush arr a b").unwrap();
+    // Each value is pushed to the front in order: c -> a,c -> b,a,c
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["b", "a", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpush_creates_array() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("fpush newarr x").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("newarr"), vec!["x"]);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== pop =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_removes_last() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c"]);
+
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "c\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_with_count() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("pop -c 2 arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "d\nc\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_into_variable() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["x", "y", "z"]);
+
+    test_input("pop -v result arr").unwrap();
+    let val = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("result"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "z");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["x", "y"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_empty_array_fails() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &[]);
+
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_nonexistent_array() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("pop nosucharray").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== fpop =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpop_removes_first() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c"]);
+
+    test_input("fpop arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "a\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["b", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpop_with_count() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("fpop -c 2 arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "a\nb\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["c", "d"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpop_into_variable() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["first", "second"]);
+
+    test_input("fpop -v result arr").unwrap();
+    let val = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("result"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "first");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["second"]);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== rotate =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_left_default() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("rotate arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["b", "c", "d", "a"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_left_with_count() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("rotate -c 2 arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["c", "d", "a", "b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_right() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("rotate -r arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["d", "a", "b", "c"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_right_with_count() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b", "c", "d"]);
+
+    test_input("rotate -r -c 2 arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["c", "d", "a", "b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_count_exceeds_len() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a", "b"]);
+
+    // count clamped to arr.len(), so rotate by 2 on len=2 is a no-op
+    test_input("rotate -c 5 arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a", "b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rotate_single_element() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["only"]);
+
+    test_input("rotate arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["only"]);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== combined ops =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn push_then_pop_roundtrip() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a"]);
+
+    test_input("push arr b").unwrap();
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "b\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fpush_then_fpop_roundtrip() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["a"]);
+
+    test_input("fpush arr z").unwrap();
+    test_input("fpop arr").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "z\n");
+    assert_eq!(get_arr("arr"), vec!["a"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pop_until_empty() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    set_arr("arr", &["x", "y"]);
+
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+    test_input("pop arr").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/autocmd.rs

@@ -111,3 +111,218 @@ pub fn autocmd(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, AutoCmdKind, read_logic};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Registration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn register_pre_cmd() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo hello'").unwrap();
+
+    let cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd));
+    assert_eq!(cmds.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(cmds[0].command, "echo hello");
+    assert!(cmds[0].pattern.is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn register_post_cmd() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd post-cmd 'echo done'").unwrap();
+
+    let cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd));
+    assert_eq!(cmds.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(cmds[0].command, "echo done");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn register_multiple_same_kind() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo first'").unwrap();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo second'").unwrap();
+
+    let cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd));
+    assert_eq!(cmds.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(cmds[0].command, "echo first");
+    assert_eq!(cmds[1].command, "echo second");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn register_different_kinds() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo pre'").unwrap();
+    test_input("autocmd post-cmd 'echo post'").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+      read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(),
+      1
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Pattern =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn register_with_pattern() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd -p '^git' pre-cmd 'echo git cmd'").unwrap();
+
+    let cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd));
+    assert_eq!(cmds.len(), 1);
+    assert!(cmds[0].pattern.is_some());
+    let pat = cmds[0].pattern.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert!(pat.is_match("git status"));
+    assert!(!pat.is_match("echo git"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn invalid_regex_pattern() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("autocmd -p '[invalid' pre-cmd 'echo bad'");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Clear =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn clear_autocmds() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo a'").unwrap();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo b'").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 2);
+
+    test_input("autocmd -c pre-cmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn clear_only_affects_specified_kind() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("autocmd pre-cmd 'echo pre'").unwrap();
+    test_input("autocmd post-cmd 'echo post'").unwrap();
+
+    test_input("autocmd -c pre-cmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PreCmd)).len(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(
+      read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::PostCmd)).len(),
+      1
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn clear_empty_is_noop() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Clearing when nothing is registered should not error
+    test_input("autocmd -c pre-cmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error Cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn missing_kind() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("autocmd");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn invalid_kind() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("autocmd not-a-real-kind 'echo hi'");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn missing_command() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("autocmd pre-cmd");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== All valid kind strings =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn all_kinds_parse() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let kinds = [
+      "pre-cmd",
+      "post-cmd",
+      "pre-change-dir",
+      "post-change-dir",
+      "on-job-finish",
+      "pre-prompt",
+      "post-prompt",
+      "pre-mode-change",
+      "post-mode-change",
+      "on-history-open",
+      "on-history-close",
+      "on-history-select",
+      "on-completion-start",
+      "on-completion-cancel",
+      "on-completion-select",
+      "on-exit",
+    ];
+    for kind in kinds {
+      test_input(format!("autocmd {kind} 'true'")).unwrap();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Execution =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_fires_autocmd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Register a post-change-dir autocmd and trigger it via cd
+    test_input("autocmd post-change-dir 'echo changed'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("cd /tmp").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("changed"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_with_pattern_match() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Pattern that matches "cd" commands
+    test_input("autocmd -p '/tmp' post-change-dir 'echo matched'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("cd /tmp").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("matched"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_with_pattern_no_match() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Pattern that won't match /tmp
+    test_input("autocmd -p '^/usr' post-change-dir 'echo nope'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("cd /tmp").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(!out.contains("nope"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_preserves_status() {
+    let _guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // autocmd exec should restore the status code from before it ran
+    test_input("autocmd post-change-dir 'false'").unwrap();
+
+    test_input("true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+
+    test_input("cd /tmp").unwrap();
+    // cd itself succeeds, autocmd runs `false` but status should be
+    // restored to cd's success
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/cd.rs

@@ -75,3 +75,168 @@ pub fn cd(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+  use std::env;
+  use std::fs;
+
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Basic Navigation =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_simple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let old_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+
+    let new_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(old_dir, new_dir);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+      new_dir.display().to_string(),
+      temp_dir.path().display().to_string()
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_no_args_goes_home() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    unsafe { env::set_var("HOME", temp_dir.path()) };
+
+    test_input("cd").unwrap();
+
+    let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      cwd.display().to_string(),
+      temp_dir.path().display().to_string()
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_relative_path() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let sub = temp_dir.path().join("child");
+    fs::create_dir(&sub).unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("cd child").unwrap();
+
+    let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(cwd.display().to_string(), sub.display().to_string());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Environment =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_sets_pwd_env() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+
+    let pwd = env::var("PWD").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pwd, env::current_dir().unwrap().display().to_string());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_status_zero_on_success() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error Cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_nonexistent_dir_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("cd /nonexistent_path_that_does_not_exist_xyz");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_file_not_directory_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let file_path = temp_dir.path().join("afile.txt");
+    fs::write(&file_path, "hello").unwrap();
+
+    let result = test_input(format!("cd {}", file_path.display()));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Multiple cd =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_multiple_times() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let dir_a = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let dir_b = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", dir_a.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      env::current_dir().unwrap().display().to_string(),
+      dir_a.path().display().to_string()
+    );
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", dir_b.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      env::current_dir().unwrap().display().to_string(),
+      dir_b.path().display().to_string()
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_nested_subdirectories() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let deep = temp_dir.path().join("a").join("b").join("c");
+    fs::create_dir_all(&deep).unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", deep.display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      env::current_dir().unwrap().display().to_string(),
+      deep.display().to_string()
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Autocmd Integration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_fires_post_change_dir_autocmd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input("autocmd post-change-dir 'echo cd-hook-fired'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("cd-hook-fired"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cd_fires_pre_change_dir_autocmd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input("autocmd pre-change-dir 'echo pre-cd'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", temp_dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("pre-cd"));
+  }
+}

src/builtin/complete.rs

@@ -173,20 +173,24 @@ pub fn complete_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
   if comp_opts.flags.contains(CompFlags::PRINT) {
     if argv.is_empty() {
-      read_meta(|m| {
+      read_meta(|m| -> ShResult<()> {
         let specs = m.comp_specs().values();
         for spec in specs {
-          println!("{}", spec.source());
+          let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+          write(stdout, spec.source().as_bytes())?;
         }
-      })
+        Ok(())
+      })?;
     } else {
-      read_meta(|m| {
+      read_meta(|m| -> ShResult<()> {
         for (cmd, _) in &argv {
           if let Some(spec) = m.comp_specs().get(cmd) {
-            println!("{}", spec.source());
+            let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+            write(stdout, spec.source().as_bytes())?;
           }
         }
-      })
+        Ok(())
+      })?;
     }
 
     state::set_status(0);
@@ -309,3 +313,318 @@ pub fn get_comp_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<CompOpts> {
 
   Ok(comp_opts)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_meta, write_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::fs;
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+  // ===================== complete: Registration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_wordlist() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'foo bar baz' mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_files() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -f mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_dirs() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -d mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_multiple_commands() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'x y' cmd1 cmd2").unwrap();
+
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("cmd1")).is_some());
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("cmd2")).is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_function() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -F _my_comp mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_register_combined_flags() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -f -d -v mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_overwrite_spec() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'old' mycmd").unwrap();
+    test_input("complete -W 'new' mycmd").unwrap();
+
+    let spec = read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd"));
+    assert!(spec.is_some());
+    // Verify the source reflects the latest registration
+    assert!(spec.unwrap().source().contains("new"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_no_command_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("complete -W 'foo'");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== complete -r: Removal =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_remove_spec() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'foo' mycmd").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd")).is_some());
+
+    test_input("complete -r mycmd").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("mycmd")).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_remove_multiple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'a' cmd1").unwrap();
+    test_input("complete -W 'b' cmd2").unwrap();
+
+    test_input("complete -r cmd1 cmd2").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("cmd1")).is_none());
+    assert!(read_meta(|m| m.get_comp_spec("cmd2")).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_remove_nonexistent_is_ok() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Removing a spec that doesn't exist should not error
+    test_input("complete -r nosuchcmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== complete -p: Print =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_print_specific() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'alpha beta' mycmd").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("complete -p mycmd").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("mycmd"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_print_all() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Clear any existing specs and register two
+    test_input("complete -W 'a' cmd1").unwrap();
+    test_input("complete -W 'b' cmd2").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("complete -p").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("cmd1"));
+    assert!(out.contains("cmd2"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== complete -o: Option flags =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_option_default() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -o default -W 'foo' mycmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_option_dirnames() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -o dirnames -W 'foo' mycmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_option_invalid() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("complete -o bogus -W 'foo' mycmd");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -W: Word list =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_no_prefix() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'alpha beta gamma'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("alpha"));
+    assert!(out.contains("beta"));
+    assert!(out.contains("gamma"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_with_prefix() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'apple banana avocado' a").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("apple"));
+    assert!(out.contains("avocado"));
+    assert!(!out.contains("banana"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_no_match() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'foo bar baz' z").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.trim().is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_exact_match() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'hello help helm' hel").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.lines().collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_single_match() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'alpha beta gamma' g").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.lines().collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(lines[0], "gamma");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -v: Variables =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_variables() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("TESTCOMPVAR", VarKind::Str("x".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+
+    test_input("compgen -v TESTCOMP").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("TESTCOMPVAR"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -a: Aliases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_aliases() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias testcompalias='echo hi'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("compgen -a testcomp").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("testcompalias"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -d: Directories =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_dirs() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let sub = tmp.path().join("subdir");
+    fs::create_dir(&sub).unwrap();
+
+    let prefix = format!("{}/", tmp.path().display());
+    test_input(format!("compgen -d {prefix}")).unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("subdir"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -f: Files =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_files() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    fs::write(tmp.path().join("testfile.txt"), "").unwrap();
+    fs::create_dir(tmp.path().join("testdir")).unwrap();
+
+    let prefix = format!("{}/test", tmp.path().display());
+    test_input(format!("compgen -f {prefix}")).unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("testfile.txt"));
+    assert!(out.contains("testdir"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen -F: Completion function =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_function() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Define a completion function that sets COMPREPLY
+    test_input("_mycomp() { COMPREPLY=(opt1 opt2 opt3); }").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("compgen -F _mycomp").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("opt1"));
+    assert!(out.contains("opt2"));
+    assert!(out.contains("opt3"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== compgen: combined flags =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_wordlist_and_aliases() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias testcga='true'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("compgen -W 'testcgw' -a testcg").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("testcgw"));
+    assert!(out.contains("testcga"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("complete -W 'x' mycmd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compgen_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("compgen -W 'hello'").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/dirstack.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,16 @@ use crate::{
   state::{self, read_meta, write_meta},
 };
 
+pub fn truncate_home_path(path: String) -> String {
+  if let Ok(home) = env::var("HOME")
+    && path.starts_with(&home)
+  {
+    let new = path.strip_prefix(&home).unwrap();
+    return format!("~{new}");
+  }
+  path.to_string()
+}
+
 enum StackIdx {
   FromTop(usize),
   FromBottom(usize),
@@ -23,18 +33,7 @@ fn print_dirs() -> ShResult<()> {
     .into_iter()
     .chain(dirs_iter)
     .map(|d| d.to_string_lossy().to_string())
-    .map(|d| {
-      let Ok(home) = env::var("HOME") else {
-        return d;
-      };
-
-      if d.starts_with(&home) {
-        let new = d.strip_prefix(&home).unwrap();
-        format!("~{new}")
-      } else {
-        d
-      }
-    })
+    .map(truncate_home_path)
     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     .join(" ");
 
@@ -378,19 +377,7 @@ pub fn dirs(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
       .map(|d| d.to_string_lossy().to_string());
 
     if abbreviate_home {
-      let Ok(home) = env::var("HOME") else {
-        return stack.collect();
-      };
-      stack
-        .map(|d| {
-          if d.starts_with(&home) {
-            let new = d.strip_prefix(&home).unwrap();
-            format!("~{new}")
-          } else {
-            d
-          }
-        })
-        .collect()
+      stack.map(truncate_home_path).collect()
     } else {
       stack.collect()
     }
@@ -438,3 +425,201 @@ pub fn dirs(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+  use crate::{
+    state::{self, read_meta},
+    testutil::{TestGuard, test_input},
+  };
+  use pretty_assertions::{assert_eq, assert_ne};
+  use std::{env, path::PathBuf};
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_pushd_interactive() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let current_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+
+    test_input("pushd /tmp").unwrap();
+
+    let new_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+
+    assert_ne!(new_dir, current_dir);
+    assert_eq!(new_dir, PathBuf::from("/tmp"));
+
+    let dir_stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(dir_stack.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(dir_stack[0], current_dir);
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    let path = super::truncate_home_path(current_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string());
+    assert_eq!(out, format!("/tmp {path}\n"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_popd_interactive() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let current_dir = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tempdir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let tempdir_raw = tempdir.path().to_path_buf().to_string_lossy().to_string();
+
+    test_input(format!("pushd {tempdir_raw}")).unwrap();
+
+    let dir_stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(dir_stack.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(dir_stack[0], current_dir);
+
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), tempdir.path());
+    g.read_output(); // consume output of pushd
+
+    test_input("popd").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), current_dir);
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    let path = super::truncate_home_path(current_dir.to_string_lossy().to_string());
+    assert_eq!(out, format!("{path}\n"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_popd_empty_stack() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("popd").unwrap_err();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_pushd_multiple_then_popd() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tmp1 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let tmp2 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path1 = tmp1.path().to_path_buf();
+    let path2 = tmp2.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path1.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path2.display())).unwrap();
+    g.read_output();
+
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), path2);
+    let stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(stack.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(stack[0], path1);
+    assert_eq!(stack[1], original);
+
+    test_input("popd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), path1);
+
+    test_input("popd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), original);
+
+    let stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(stack.len(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_pushd_rotate_plus() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tmp1 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let tmp2 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path1 = tmp1.path().to_path_buf();
+    let path2 = tmp2.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    // Build stack: cwd=original, then pushd path1, pushd path2
+    // Stack after: cwd=path2, [path1, original]
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path1.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path2.display())).unwrap();
+    g.read_output();
+
+    // pushd +1 rotates: [path2, path1, original] -> rotate_left(1) -> [path1, original, path2]
+    // pop front -> cwd=path1, stack=[original, path2]
+    test_input("pushd +1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), path1);
+
+    let stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(stack.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(stack[0], original);
+    assert_eq!(stack[1], path2);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_pushd_no_cd_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    test_input(format!("pushd -n {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+
+    // -n means don't cd, but the dir should still be on the stack
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), original);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_dirs_clear() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", tmp.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_meta(|m| m.dirs().len()), 1);
+
+    test_input("dirs -c").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_meta(|m| m.dirs().len()), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_dirs_one_per_line() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    g.read_output();
+
+    test_input("dirs -p").unwrap();
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.split('\n').filter(|l| !l.is_empty()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(
+      lines[0],
+      super::truncate_home_path(path.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+      lines[1],
+      super::truncate_home_path(original.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_popd_indexed_from_top() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let original = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let tmp1 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let tmp2 = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path1 = tmp1.path().to_path_buf();
+    let path2 = tmp2.path().to_path_buf();
+
+    // Stack: cwd=path2, [path1, original]
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path1.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("pushd {}", path2.display())).unwrap();
+
+    // popd +1 removes index (1-1)=0 from stored dirs, i.e. path1
+    test_input("popd +1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(env::current_dir().unwrap(), path2); // no cd
+
+    let stack = read_meta(|m| m.dirs().clone());
+    assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(stack[0], original);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_pushd_nonexistent_dir() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("pushd /nonexistent_dir_12345");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/echo.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
   parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv},
   prelude::*,
   procio::borrow_fd,
-  state,
+  state::{self, read_shopts},
 };
 
 pub const ECHO_OPTS: [OptSpec; 4] = [
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ bitflags! {
   #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
   pub struct EchoFlags: u32 {
     const NO_NEWLINE = 0b000001;
-    const USE_STDERR = 0b000010;
+    const NO_ESCAPE  = 0b000010;
     const USE_ESCAPE = 0b000100;
     const USE_PROMPT = 0b001000;
   }
@@ -54,18 +54,18 @@ pub fn echo(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     argv.remove(0);
   }
 
-  let output_channel = if flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_STDERR) {
-    borrow_fd(STDERR_FILENO)
-  } else {
-    borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO)
-  };
+  let output_channel = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+  let xpg_echo = read_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo); // If true, echo expands escape sequences by default, and -E opts out
+
+  let use_escape =
+    (xpg_echo && !flags.contains(EchoFlags::NO_ESCAPE)) || flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_ESCAPE);
 
   let mut echo_output = prepare_echo_args(
     argv
       .into_iter()
       .map(|a| a.0) // Extract the String from the tuple of (String,Span)
       .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_ESCAPE),
+    use_escape,
     flags.contains(EchoFlags::USE_PROMPT),
   )?
   .join(" ");
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ pub fn get_echo_flags(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<EchoFlags> {
   for opt in opts {
     match opt {
       Opt::Short('n') => flags |= EchoFlags::NO_NEWLINE,
-      Opt::Short('r') => flags |= EchoFlags::USE_STDERR,
       Opt::Short('e') => flags |= EchoFlags::USE_ESCAPE,
       Opt::Short('p') => flags |= EchoFlags::USE_PROMPT,
+      Opt::Short('E') => flags |= EchoFlags::NO_ESCAPE,
       _ => {
         return Err(ShErr::simple(
           ShErrKind::ExecFail,
@@ -220,3 +220,250 @@ pub fn get_echo_flags(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<EchoFlags> {
 
   Ok(flags)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::prepare_echo_args;
+  use crate::state::{self, write_shopts};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Pure: prepare_echo_args =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_no_escape() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["hello\\nworld".into()], false, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["hello\\nworld"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_newline() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["hello\\nworld".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["hello\nworld"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_tab() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\tb".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\tb"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_carriage_return() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\rb".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\rb"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_bell() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\ab".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\x07b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_backspace() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\bb".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\x08b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_escape_char() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\eb".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\x1bb"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_upper_e() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\Eb".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\x1bb"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_backslash() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\\\b".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\\b"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_hex() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["\\x41".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["A"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_hex_lowercase() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["\\x61".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_octal() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["\\0101".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["A"]); // octal 101 = 65 = 'A'
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_escape_multiple() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["a\\nb\\tc".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["a\nb\tc"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_multiple_args() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["hello".into(), "world".into()], false, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["hello", "world"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_trailing_backslash() {
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["hello\\".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["hello\\"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn prepare_unknown_escape_literal() {
+    // Unknown escape like \z should keep the backslash
+    let result = prepare_echo_args(vec!["\\z".into()], true, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result, vec!["\\z"]);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: basic echo =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_simple() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo hello").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_multiple_args() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo hello world").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello world\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_no_args() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo hello").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: -n flag =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_no_newline() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo -n hello").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_no_newline_no_args() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo -n").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: -e flag =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_escape_newline() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo -e 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\nworld\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_escape_tab() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo -e 'a\\tb'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "a\tb\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_no_escape_by_default() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\\nworld\n");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: -E flag + xpg_echo =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_xpg_echo_expands_by_default() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo = true);
+
+    test_input("echo 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\nworld\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_xpg_echo_suppressed_by_big_e() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo = true);
+
+    test_input("echo -E 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\\nworld\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_small_e_overrides_without_xpg() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo = false);
+
+    test_input("echo -e 'a\\tb'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "a\tb\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_big_e_noop_without_xpg() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo = false);
+
+    // -E without xpg_echo is a no-op — escapes already off
+    test_input("echo -E 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\\nworld\n");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: combined flags =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_n_and_e() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("echo -n -e 'a\\nb'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "a\nb");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn echo_xpg_n_suppresses_newline() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_shopts(|o| o.core.xpg_echo = true);
+
+    test_input("echo -n 'hello\\nworld'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    // xpg_echo expands \n, -n suppresses trailing newline
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\nworld");
+  }
+}

src/builtin/eval.rs

@@ -34,3 +34,91 @@ pub fn eval(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
 
   exec_input(joined_argv, None, false, Some("eval".into()))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Basic =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_simple_command() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval echo hello").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_no_args_succeeds() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Joins args =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_joins_args() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // eval receives "echo" "hello" "world" as separate args, joins to "echo hello world"
+    test_input("eval echo          hello         world").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello world\n");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Re-evaluation =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_expands_variable() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("CMD", VarKind::Str("echo evaluated".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
+
+    test_input("eval $CMD").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "evaluated\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_sets_variable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval x=42").unwrap();
+    let val = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("x"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "42");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_pipeline() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval 'echo hello | cat'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_compound_command() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("eval 'echo first; echo second'").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("first"));
+    assert!(out.contains("second"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status propagation =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn eval_propagates_failure_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let _ = test_input("eval false");
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/exec.rs

@@ -45,3 +45,26 @@ pub fn exec_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     _ => Err(ShErr::at(ShErrKind::Errno(e), span, format!("{e}"))),
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  // Testing exec is a bit tricky since it replaces the current process, so we just test that it correctly handles the case of no arguments and the case of a nonexistent command. We can't really test that it successfully executes a command since that would replace the test process itself.
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_no_args_succeeds() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("exec").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exec_nonexistent_command_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input(
+      "exec _____________no_such_______command_xyz_____________hopefully______this_doesnt______exist_____somewhere_in___your______PATH__________________",
+    );
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/flowctl.rs

@@ -41,3 +41,105 @@ pub fn flowctl(node: Node, kind: ShErrKind) -> ShResult<()> {
 
   Err(ShErr::simple(kind, message))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::libsh::error::ShErrKind;
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== break =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn break_exits_loop() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for i in 1 2 3; do echo $i; break; done").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "1");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn break_outside_loop_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("break");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn break_non_numeric_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("for i in 1; do break abc; done");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== continue =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn continue_skips_iteration() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for i in 1 2 3; do if [[ $i == 2 ]]; then continue; fi; echo $i; done").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.lines().collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines, vec!["1", "3"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn continue_outside_loop_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("continue");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== return =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn return_exits_function() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { echo before; return; echo after; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "before");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn return_with_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { return 42; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 42);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn return_outside_function_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("return");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== exit =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exit_returns_clean_exit() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("exit 0");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(matches!(err.kind(), ShErrKind::CleanExit(0)));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exit_with_code() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("exit 5");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    let err = result.unwrap_err();
+    assert!(matches!(err.kind(), ShErrKind::CleanExit(5)));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn exit_non_numeric_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("exit abc");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/getopts.rs

@@ -251,3 +251,217 @@ pub fn getopts(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     getopts_inner(&opts_spec, &opt_var.0, &pos_params, span)
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, read_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  fn get_var(name: &str) -> String {
+    read_vars(|v| v.get_var(name))
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Spec parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_simple_spec() {
+    use super::GetOptsSpec;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    let spec = GetOptsSpec::from_str("abc").unwrap();
+    assert!(!spec.silent_err);
+    assert_eq!(spec.opt_specs.len(), 3);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_spec_with_args() {
+    use super::GetOptsSpec;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    let spec = GetOptsSpec::from_str("a:bc:").unwrap();
+    assert!(!spec.silent_err);
+    assert!(spec.opt_specs[0].takes_arg); // a:
+    assert!(!spec.opt_specs[1].takes_arg); // b
+    assert!(spec.opt_specs[2].takes_arg); // c:
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_silent_spec() {
+    use super::GetOptsSpec;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    let spec = GetOptsSpec::from_str(":ab").unwrap();
+    assert!(spec.silent_err);
+    assert_eq!(spec.opt_specs.len(), 2);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_invalid_char() {
+    use super::GetOptsSpec;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    let result = GetOptsSpec::from_str("a@b");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Basic option matching =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_simple_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -a").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "a");
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_second_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "b");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Option with argument =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_option_with_separate_arg() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts a: opt -a value").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "a");
+    assert_eq!(get_var("OPTARG"), "value");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_option_with_attached_arg() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts a: opt -avalue").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "a");
+    assert_eq!(get_var("OPTARG"), "value");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Bundled options =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_bundled_flags() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    // First call gets 'a' from -ab
+    test_input("getopts abc opt -ab").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "a");
+
+    // Second call gets 'b' from same -ab
+    test_input("getopts abc opt -ab").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "b");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== OPTIND advancement =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_advances_optind() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -a").unwrap();
+
+    let optind: usize = get_var("OPTIND").parse().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(optind, 2); // Advanced past -a
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_arg_option_advances_by_two() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts a: opt -a val").unwrap();
+
+    let optind: usize = get_var("OPTIND").parse().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(optind, 3); // Advanced past both -a and val
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Multiple calls (loop simulation) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_multiple_separate_args() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -a -b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "a");
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -a -b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "b");
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+
+    // Third call: no more options
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -a -b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== End of options =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_no_options_returns_1() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt foo").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_double_dash_stops() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -- -a").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_bare_dash_stops() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Unknown option =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_unknown_option() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts ab opt -z").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "?");
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Silent error mode =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_silent_unknown_sets_optarg() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts :ab opt -z").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "?");
+    assert_eq!(get_var("OPTARG"), "z");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_silent_missing_arg() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts :a: opt -a").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), ":");
+    assert_eq!(get_var("OPTARG"), "a");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Missing required argument (non-silent) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_missing_arg_non_silent() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("getopts a: opt -a").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_var("opt"), "?");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_missing_spec() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("getopts");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn getopts_missing_varname() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("getopts ab");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/intro.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{env, os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt, path::Path};
+use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 
 use ariadne::{Fmt, Span};
 
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ use crate::{
   builtin::BUILTINS,
   libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, next_color},
   parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv, lex::KEYWORDS},
+  prelude::*,
+  procio::borrow_fd,
   state::{self, ShAlias, ShFunc, read_logic},
 };
 
@@ -31,28 +33,33 @@ pub fn type_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
    */
 
   'outer: for (arg, span) in argv {
+    let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
     if let Some(func) = read_logic(|v| v.get_func(&arg)) {
       let ShFunc { body: _, source } = func;
       let (line, col) = source.line_and_col();
       let name = source.source().name();
-      println!(
-        "{arg} is a function defined at {name}:{}:{}",
+      let msg = format!(
+        "{arg} is a function defined at {name}:{}:{}\n",
         line + 1,
         col + 1
       );
+      write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
     } else if let Some(alias) = read_logic(|v| v.get_alias(&arg)) {
       let ShAlias { body, source } = alias;
       let (line, col) = source.line_and_col();
       let name = source.source().name();
-      println!(
-        "{arg} is an alias for '{body}' defined at {name}:{}:{}",
+      let msg = format!(
+        "{arg} is an alias for '{body}' defined at {name}:{}:{}\n",
         line + 1,
         col + 1
       );
+      write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
     } else if BUILTINS.contains(&arg.as_str()) {
-      println!("{arg} is a shell builtin");
+      let msg = format!("{arg} is a shell builtin\n");
+      write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
     } else if KEYWORDS.contains(&arg.as_str()) {
-      println!("{arg} is a shell keyword");
+      let msg = format!("{arg} is a shell keyword\n");
+      write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
     } else {
       let path = env::var("PATH").unwrap_or_default();
       let paths = path.split(':').map(Path::new).collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -70,7 +77,8 @@ pub fn type_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
               && let Some(name) = entry.file_name().to_str()
               && name == arg
             {
-              println!("{arg} is {}", entry.path().display());
+              let msg = format!("{arg} is {}\n", entry.path().display());
+              write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
               continue 'outer;
             }
           }
@@ -92,3 +100,136 @@ pub fn type_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Builtins =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_builtin_echo() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("type echo").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("echo"));
+    assert!(out.contains("shell builtin"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_builtin_cd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("type cd").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("cd"));
+    assert!(out.contains("shell builtin"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Keywords =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_keyword_if() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("type if").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("if"));
+    assert!(out.contains("shell keyword"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_keyword_for() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("type for").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("for"));
+    assert!(out.contains("shell keyword"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Functions =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_function() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("myfn() { echo hi; }").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("type myfn").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("myfn"));
+    assert!(out.contains("function"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Aliases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_alias() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias ll='ls -la'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("type ll").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("ll"));
+    assert!(out.contains("alias"));
+    assert!(out.contains("ls -la"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== External commands =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_external_command() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // /bin/cat or /usr/bin/cat should exist on any Unix system
+    test_input("type cat").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("cat"));
+    assert!(out.contains("is"));
+    assert!(out.contains("/")); // Should show a path
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Not found =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_not_found() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("type __hopefully____not_______a____command__");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Priority order =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_function_shadows_builtin() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    // Define a function named 'echo' — should shadow the builtin
+    test_input("echo() { true; }").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("type echo").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("function"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_alias_shadows_external() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("alias cat='echo meow'").unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("type cat").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    // alias check comes before external PATH scan
+    assert!(out.contains("alias"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn type_status_zero_on_found() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("type echo").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/keymap.rs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl KeyMapOpts {
     }
     Ok(Self { remove, flags })
   }
-  pub fn keymap_opts() -> [OptSpec; 6] {
+  pub fn keymap_opts() -> [OptSpec; 7] {
     [
       OptSpec {
         opt: Opt::Short('n'), // normal mode
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ impl KeyMapOpts {
         opt: Opt::Short('o'), // operator-pending mode
         takes_arg: false,
       },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Long("remove".into()),
+        takes_arg: true,
+      },
       OptSpec {
         opt: Opt::Short('r'), // replace mode
         takes_arg: false,
@@ -172,3 +176,158 @@ pub fn keymap(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::expand::expand_keymap;
+  use crate::getopt::Opt;
+  use crate::state::{self, read_logic};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== KeyMapOpts parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_normal_mode() {
+    let opts = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[Opt::Short('n')]).unwrap();
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_insert_mode() {
+    let opts = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[Opt::Short('i')]).unwrap();
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(KeyMapFlags::INSERT));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_multiple_modes() {
+    let opts = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[Opt::Short('n'), Opt::Short('i')]).unwrap();
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL));
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(KeyMapFlags::INSERT));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_no_mode_errors() {
+    let result = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_remove() {
+    let opts = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[
+      Opt::Short('n'),
+      Opt::LongWithArg("remove".into(), "jk".into()),
+    ])
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.remove, Some("jk".into()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn opts_duplicate_remove_errors() {
+    let result = KeyMapOpts::from_opts(&[
+      Opt::Short('n'),
+      Opt::LongWithArg("remove".into(), "jk".into()),
+      Opt::LongWithArg("remove".into(), "kj".into()),
+    ]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== KeyMap::compare =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compare_exact_match() {
+    let km = KeyMap {
+      flags: KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
+      keys: "jk".into(),
+      action: "<ESC>".into(),
+    };
+    let keys = expand_keymap("jk");
+    assert_eq!(km.compare(&keys), KeyMapMatch::IsExact);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compare_prefix_match() {
+    let km = KeyMap {
+      flags: KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
+      keys: "jk".into(),
+      action: "<ESC>".into(),
+    };
+    let keys = expand_keymap("j");
+    assert_eq!(km.compare(&keys), KeyMapMatch::IsPrefix);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn compare_no_match() {
+    let km = KeyMap {
+      flags: KeyMapFlags::NORMAL,
+      keys: "jk".into(),
+      action: "<ESC>".into(),
+    };
+    let keys = expand_keymap("zz");
+    assert_eq!(km.compare(&keys), KeyMapMatch::NoMatch);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Registration via test_input =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_register() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
+
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
+    assert!(!maps.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_register_insert() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("keymap -i jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
+
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::INSERT, &expand_keymap("jk")));
+    assert!(!maps.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_overwrite() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
+    test_input("keymap -n jk 'dd'").unwrap();
+
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
+    assert_eq!(maps.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(maps[0].action, "dd");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_remove() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
+    test_input("keymap -n --remove jk").unwrap();
+
+    let maps = read_logic(|l| l.keymaps_filtered(KeyMapFlags::NORMAL, &expand_keymap("jk")));
+    assert!(maps.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("keymap -n jk '<ESC>'").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_missing_keys() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("keymap -n");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn keymap_missing_action() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("keymap -n jk");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/map.rs

@@ -386,3 +386,234 @@ pub fn get_map_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> MapOpts {
   }
   map_opts
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::{MapFlags, MapNode, get_map_opts};
+  use crate::getopt::Opt;
+  use crate::state::{self, read_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Pure: MapNode get/set/remove =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_set_and_get() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["key".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("val".into()));
+    let node = root.get(&["key".into()]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(node, MapNode::StaticLeaf(s) if s == "val"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_nested_set_and_get() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(
+      &["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()],
+      MapNode::StaticLeaf("deep".into()),
+    );
+    let node = root.get(&["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(node, MapNode::StaticLeaf(s) if s == "deep"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_get_missing() {
+    let root = MapNode::default();
+    assert!(root.get(&["nope".into()]).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_remove() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["key".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("val".into()));
+    let removed = root.remove(&["key".into()]);
+    assert!(removed.is_some());
+    assert!(root.get(&["key".into()]).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_remove_nested() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["a".into(), "b".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("val".into()));
+    root.remove(&["a".into(), "b".into()]);
+    assert!(root.get(&["a".into(), "b".into()]).is_none());
+    // Parent branch should still exist
+    assert!(root.get(&["a".into()]).is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_keys() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["x".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("1".into()));
+    root.set(&["y".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("2".into()));
+    let mut keys = root.keys();
+    keys.sort();
+    assert_eq!(keys, vec!["x", "y"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_display_leaf() {
+    let leaf = MapNode::StaticLeaf("hello".into());
+    assert_eq!(leaf.display(false, false).unwrap(), "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_display_json() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["k".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("v".into()));
+    let json = root.display(true, false).unwrap();
+    assert!(json.contains("\"k\""));
+    assert!(json.contains("\"v\""));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_overwrite() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["key".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("old".into()));
+    root.set(&["key".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("new".into()));
+    let node = root.get(&["key".into()]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(node, MapNode::StaticLeaf(s) if s == "new"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_promote_leaf_to_branch() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["key".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("leaf".into()));
+    // Setting a sub-path should promote the leaf to a branch
+    root.set(
+      &["key".into(), "sub".into()],
+      MapNode::StaticLeaf("nested".into()),
+    );
+    let node = root.get(&["key".into(), "sub".into()]).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(node, MapNode::StaticLeaf(s) if s == "nested"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Pure: MapNode JSON round-trip =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn mapnode_json_roundtrip() {
+    let mut root = MapNode::default();
+    root.set(&["name".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("test".into()));
+    root.set(&["count".into()], MapNode::StaticLeaf("42".into()));
+
+    let val: serde_json::Value = root.clone().into();
+    let back: MapNode = val.into();
+    assert!(back.get(&["name".into()]).is_some());
+    assert!(back.get(&["count".into()]).is_some());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Pure: option parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_remove_flag() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Short('r')]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::REMOVE));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_json_flag() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Short('j')]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::JSON));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_keys_flag() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Short('k')]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::KEYS));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_pretty_flag() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Long("pretty".into())]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::PRETTY));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_func_flag() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Short('F')]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::FUNC));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_combined_flags() {
+    let opts = get_map_opts(vec![Opt::Short('j'), Opt::Short('k')]);
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::JSON));
+    assert!(opts.flags.contains(MapFlags::KEYS));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_set_and_read() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.key=hello").unwrap();
+    test_input("map mymap.key").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_nested_path() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.a.b.c=deep").unwrap();
+    test_input("map mymap.a.b.c").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "deep");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_remove() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.key=val").unwrap();
+    test_input("map -r mymap.key").unwrap();
+    let has = read_vars(|v| {
+      v.get_map("mymap")
+        .and_then(|m| m.get(&["key".into()]).cloned())
+        .is_some()
+    });
+    assert!(!has);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_remove_entire() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.key=val").unwrap();
+    test_input("map -r mymap").unwrap();
+    let has = read_vars(|v| v.get_map("mymap").is_some());
+    assert!(!has);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_keys() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.x=1").unwrap();
+    test_input("map mymap.y=2").unwrap();
+    test_input("map -k mymap").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("x"));
+    assert!(out.contains("y"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_json_output() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.key=val").unwrap();
+    test_input("map -j mymap").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("\"key\""));
+    assert!(out.contains("\"val\""));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_nonexistent_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("map __no_such_map__");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn map_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("map mymap.key=val").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/mod.rs

@@ -17,20 +17,21 @@ pub mod keymap;
 pub mod map;
 pub mod pwd;
 pub mod read;
+pub mod resource;
+pub mod seek;
 pub mod shift;
 pub mod shopt;
 pub mod source;
 pub mod test; // [[ ]] thing
 pub mod trap;
 pub mod varcmds;
-pub mod zoltraak;
 
-pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 47] = [
-  "echo", "cd", "read", "export", "local", "pwd", "source", "shift", "jobs", "fg", "bg", "disown",
-  "alias", "unalias", "return", "break", "continue", "exit", "zoltraak", "shopt", "builtin",
+pub const BUILTINS: [&str; 50] = [
+  "echo", "cd", "read", "export", "local", "pwd", "source", ".", "shift", "jobs", "fg", "bg",
+  "disown", "alias", "unalias", "return", "break", "continue", "exit", "shopt", "builtin",
   "command", "trap", "pushd", "popd", "dirs", "exec", "eval", "true", "false", ":", "readonly",
   "unset", "complete", "compgen", "map", "pop", "fpop", "push", "fpush", "rotate", "wait", "type",
-  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd",
+  "getopts", "keymap", "read_key", "autocmd", "ulimit", "umask", "seek",
 ];
 
 pub fn true_builtin() -> ShResult<()> {
@@ -47,3 +48,37 @@ pub fn noop_builtin() -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+  use crate::{
+    state,
+    testutil::{TestGuard, test_input},
+  };
+
+  // You can never be too sure!!!!!!
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("true").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("false").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_noop() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input(":").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/pwd.rs

@@ -24,3 +24,41 @@ pub fn pwd(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::env;
+  use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pwd_prints_cwd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+
+    test_input("pwd").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), cwd.display().to_string());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pwd_after_cd() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("cd {}", tmp.path().display())).unwrap();
+    guard.read_output();
+
+    test_input("pwd").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), tmp.path().display().to_string());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pwd_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("pwd").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/read.rs

@@ -212,7 +212,8 @@ pub fn read_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     for (i, arg) in argv.iter().enumerate() {
       if i == argv.len() - 1 {
         // Last arg, stuff the rest of the input into it
-        write_vars(|v| v.set_var(&arg.0, VarKind::Str(remaining.clone()), VarFlags::NONE))?;
+        let trimmed = remaining.trim_start_matches(|c: char| field_sep.contains(c));
+        write_vars(|v| v.set_var(&arg.0, VarKind::Str(trimmed.to_string()), VarFlags::NONE))?;
         break;
       }
 
@@ -363,3 +364,131 @@ pub fn get_read_key_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<ReadKeyOpts> {
 
   Ok(read_key_opts)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, VarKind, read_vars, write_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Basic read into REPLY =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_pipe_into_reply() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read < <(echo hello)").unwrap();
+    let val = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("REPLY"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_pipe_into_named_var() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read myvar < <(echo world)").unwrap();
+    let val = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "world");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Field splitting =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_two_vars() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read a b < <(echo 'hello world')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "hello");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_last_var_gets_remainder() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read a b < <(echo 'one two three four')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "one");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "two three four");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_more_vars_than_fields() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read a b c < <(echo 'only')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "only");
+    // b and c get empty strings since there are no more fields
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("c")), "");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Custom IFS =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_custom_ifs() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("IFS", VarKind::Str(":".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+
+    test_input("read x y z < <(echo 'a:b:c')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("x")), "a");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("y")), "b");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("z")), "c");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_custom_ifs_remainder() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("IFS", VarKind::Str(":".into()), VarFlags::NONE)).unwrap();
+
+    test_input("read x y < <(echo 'a:b:c:d')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("x")), "a");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("y")), "b:c:d");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Custom delimiter =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_custom_delim() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // -d sets the delimiter; printf sends "hello,world" — read stops at ','
+    test_input("read -d , myvar < <(echo -n 'hello,world')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "hello");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("read < <(echo hello)").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn read_eof_status_one() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Empty input / EOF should set status 1
+    test_input("read < <(echo -n '')").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Flag parsing (pure) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn flags_raw_mode() {
+    use super::get_read_flags;
+    use crate::getopt::Opt;
+    let flags = get_read_flags(vec![Opt::Short('r')]).unwrap();
+    assert!(flags.flags.contains(super::ReadFlags::NO_ESCAPES));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn flags_prompt() {
+    use super::get_read_flags;
+    use crate::getopt::Opt;
+    let flags = get_read_flags(vec![Opt::ShortWithArg('p', "Enter: ".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(flags.prompt, Some("Enter: ".into()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn flags_delimiter() {
+    use super::get_read_flags;
+    use crate::getopt::Opt;
+    let flags = get_read_flags(vec![Opt::ShortWithArg('d', ",".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(flags.delim, b',');
+  }
+}

src/builtin/resource.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,665 @@
+use ariadne::Fmt;
+use nix::{
+  libc::STDOUT_FILENO,
+  sys::{
+    resource::{Resource, getrlimit, setrlimit},
+    stat::{Mode, umask},
+  },
+  unistd::write,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens_strict},
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, ShResultExt, next_color},
+  parse::{NdRule, Node},
+  procio::borrow_fd,
+  state::{self},
+};
+
+fn ulimit_opt_spec() -> [OptSpec; 5] {
+  [
+    OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('n'), // file descriptors
+      takes_arg: true,
+    },
+    OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('u'), // max user processes
+      takes_arg: true,
+    },
+    OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('s'), // stack size
+      takes_arg: true,
+    },
+    OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('c'), // core dump file size
+      takes_arg: true,
+    },
+    OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('v'), // virtual memory
+      takes_arg: true,
+    },
+  ]
+}
+
+struct UlimitOpts {
+  fds: Option<u64>,
+  procs: Option<u64>,
+  stack: Option<u64>,
+  core: Option<u64>,
+  vmem: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+fn get_ulimit_opts(opt: &[Opt]) -> ShResult<UlimitOpts> {
+  let mut opts = UlimitOpts {
+    fds: None,
+    procs: None,
+    stack: None,
+    core: None,
+    vmem: None,
+  };
+
+  for o in opt {
+    match o {
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('n', arg) => {
+        opts.fds = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            format!("invalid argument for -n: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
+          )
+        })?);
+      }
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('u', arg) => {
+        opts.procs = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            format!("invalid argument for -u: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
+          )
+        })?);
+      }
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('s', arg) => {
+        opts.stack = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            format!("invalid argument for -s: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
+          )
+        })?);
+      }
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('c', arg) => {
+        opts.core = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            format!("invalid argument for -c: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
+          )
+        })?);
+      }
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('v', arg) => {
+        opts.vmem = Some(arg.parse().map_err(|_| {
+          ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            format!("invalid argument for -v: {}", arg.fg(next_color())),
+          )
+        })?);
+      }
+      o => {
+        return Err(ShErr::simple(
+          ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+          format!("invalid option: {}", o.fg(next_color())),
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ok(opts)
+}
+
+pub fn ulimit(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+  let span = node.get_span();
+  let NdRule::Command {
+    assignments: _,
+    argv,
+  } = node.class
+  else {
+    unreachable!()
+  };
+
+  let (_, opts) =
+    get_opts_from_tokens_strict(argv, &ulimit_opt_spec()).promote_err(span.clone())?;
+  let ulimit_opts = get_ulimit_opts(&opts).promote_err(span.clone())?;
+
+  if let Some(fds) = ulimit_opts.fds {
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to get file descriptor limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NOFILE, fds, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to set file descriptor limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+  }
+  if let Some(procs) = ulimit_opts.procs {
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to get process limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_NPROC, procs, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to set process limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+  }
+  if let Some(stack) = ulimit_opts.stack {
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to get stack size limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_STACK, stack, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to set stack size limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+  }
+  if let Some(core) = ulimit_opts.core {
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to get core dump size limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE, core, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to set core dump size limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+  }
+  if let Some(vmem) = ulimit_opts.vmem {
+    let (_, hard) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to get virtual memory limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+    setrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_AS, vmem, hard).map_err(|e| {
+      ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("failed to set virtual memory limit: {}", e),
+      )
+    })?;
+  }
+
+  state::set_status(0);
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn umask_builtin(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+  let span = node.get_span();
+  let NdRule::Command {
+    assignments: _,
+    argv,
+  } = node.class
+  else {
+    unreachable!()
+  };
+
+  let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens_strict(
+    argv,
+    &[OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('S'),
+      takes_arg: false,
+    }],
+  )?;
+  let argv = &argv[1..]; // skip command name
+
+  let old = umask(Mode::empty());
+  umask(old);
+  let mut old_bits = old.bits();
+
+  if !argv.is_empty() {
+    if argv.len() > 1 {
+      return Err(ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+        span.clone(),
+        format!("umask takes at most one argument, got {}", argv.len()),
+      ));
+    }
+    let arg = argv[0].clone();
+    let raw = arg.as_str();
+    if raw.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
+      let mode_raw = u32::from_str_radix(raw, 8).map_err(|_| {
+        ShErr::at(
+          ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+          span.clone(),
+          format!("invalid numeric umask: {}", raw.fg(next_color())),
+        )
+      })?;
+
+      let mode = Mode::from_bits(mode_raw).ok_or_else(|| {
+        ShErr::at(
+          ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+          span.clone(),
+          format!("invalid umask value: {}", raw.fg(next_color())),
+        )
+      })?;
+
+      umask(mode);
+    } else {
+      let parts = raw.split(',');
+
+      for part in parts {
+        if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('=') {
+          let mut new_bits = 0;
+          if bits.contains('r') {
+            new_bits |= 4;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('w') {
+            new_bits |= 2;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('x') {
+            new_bits |= 1;
+          }
+
+          for ch in who.chars() {
+            match ch {
+              'o' => {
+                old_bits &= !0o7;
+                old_bits |= !new_bits & 0o7;
+              }
+              'g' => {
+                old_bits &= !(0o7 << 3);
+                old_bits |= (!new_bits & 0o7) << 3;
+              }
+              'u' => {
+                old_bits &= !(0o7 << 6);
+                old_bits |= (!new_bits & 0o7) << 6;
+              }
+              'a' => {
+                let denied = !new_bits & 0o7;
+                old_bits = denied | (denied << 3) | (denied << 6);
+              }
+              _ => {
+                return Err(ShErr::at(
+                  ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+                  span.clone(),
+                  format!("invalid umask 'who' character: {}", ch.fg(next_color())),
+                ));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(old_bits));
+        } else if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('+') {
+          let mut new_bits = 0;
+          if bits.contains('r') {
+            new_bits |= 4;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('w') {
+            new_bits |= 2;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('x') {
+            new_bits |= 1;
+          }
+
+          for ch in who.chars() {
+            match ch {
+              'o' => {
+                old_bits &= !(new_bits & 0o7);
+              }
+              'g' => {
+                old_bits &= !((new_bits & 0o7) << 3);
+              }
+              'u' => {
+                old_bits &= !((new_bits & 0o7) << 6);
+              }
+              'a' => {
+                let mask = new_bits & 0o7;
+                old_bits &= !(mask | (mask << 3) | (mask << 6));
+              }
+              _ => {
+                return Err(ShErr::at(
+                  ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+                  span.clone(),
+                  format!("invalid umask 'who' character: {}", ch.fg(next_color())),
+                ));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(old_bits));
+        } else if let Some((who, bits)) = part.split_once('-') {
+          let mut new_bits = 0;
+          if bits.contains('r') {
+            new_bits |= 4;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('w') {
+            new_bits |= 2;
+          }
+          if bits.contains('x') {
+            new_bits |= 1;
+          }
+
+          for ch in who.chars() {
+            match ch {
+              'o' => {
+                old_bits |= new_bits & 0o7;
+              }
+              'g' => {
+                old_bits |= (new_bits << 3) & (0o7 << 3);
+              }
+              'u' => {
+                old_bits |= (new_bits << 6) & (0o7 << 6);
+              }
+              'a' => {
+                old_bits |= (new_bits | (new_bits << 3) | (new_bits << 6)) & 0o777;
+              }
+              _ => {
+                return Err(ShErr::at(
+                  ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+                  span.clone(),
+                  format!("invalid umask 'who' character: {}", ch.fg(next_color())),
+                ));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(old_bits));
+        } else {
+          return Err(ShErr::at(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            span.clone(),
+            format!("invalid symbolic umask part: {}", part.fg(next_color())),
+          ));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else if !opts.is_empty() {
+    let u = (old_bits >> 6) & 0o7;
+    let g = (old_bits >> 3) & 0o7;
+    let o = old_bits & 0o7;
+    let mut u_str = String::from("u=");
+    let mut g_str = String::from("g=");
+    let mut o_str = String::from("o=");
+    let stuff = [(u, &mut u_str), (g, &mut g_str), (o, &mut o_str)];
+    for (bits, out) in stuff.into_iter() {
+      if bits & 4 == 0 {
+        out.push('r');
+      }
+      if bits & 2 == 0 {
+        out.push('w');
+      }
+      if bits & 1 == 0 {
+        out.push('x');
+      }
+    }
+
+    let msg = [u_str, g_str, o_str].join(",");
+    let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+    write(stdout, msg.as_bytes())?;
+    write(stdout, b"\n")?;
+  } else {
+    let raw = format!("{:04o}\n", old_bits);
+
+    let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+    write(stdout, raw.as_bytes())?;
+  }
+
+  state::set_status(0);
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::get_ulimit_opts;
+  use crate::getopt::Opt;
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use nix::sys::resource::{Resource, getrlimit};
+  use nix::sys::stat::{Mode, umask};
+
+  // ===================== Pure: option parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_fds() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "1024".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.fds, Some(1024));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_procs() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('u', "512".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.procs, Some(512));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_stack() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('s', "8192".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.stack, Some(8192));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_core() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('c', "0".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.core, Some(0));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_vmem() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('v', "100000".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.vmem, Some(100000));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_multiple() {
+    let opts = get_ulimit_opts(&[
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "256".into()),
+      Opt::ShortWithArg('c', "0".into()),
+    ])
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.fds, Some(256));
+    assert_eq!(opts.core, Some(0));
+    assert!(opts.procs.is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_non_numeric_fails() {
+    let result = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "abc".into())]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_invalid_option() {
+    let result = get_ulimit_opts(&[Opt::Short('z')]);
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn ulimit_set_core_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Setting core dump size to 0 is always safe
+    test_input("ulimit -c 0").unwrap();
+    let (soft, _) = getrlimit(Resource::RLIMIT_CORE).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(soft, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn ulimit_invalid_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("ulimit -z 100");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn ulimit_non_numeric_value() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("ulimit -n abc");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn ulimit_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("ulimit -c 0").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== umask =====================
+
+  fn with_umask(mask: u32, f: impl FnOnce()) {
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(mask));
+    f();
+    umask(saved);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_display_octal() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    with_umask(0o022, || {
+      test_input("umask").unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "0022\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_display_symbolic() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    with_umask(0o022, || {
+      test_input("umask -S").unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_display_symbolic_all_denied() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    with_umask(0o777, || {
+      test_input("umask -S").unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "u=,g=,o=\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_display_symbolic_none_denied() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    with_umask(0o000, || {
+      test_input("umask -S").unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "u=rwx,g=rwx,o=rwx\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_octal() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o022));
+    test_input("umask 077").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o077);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_equals() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o000));
+    test_input("umask u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o022);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_plus() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o077));
+    test_input("umask g+r").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    // 0o077 with g+r (clear read bit in group) → 0o037
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o037);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_minus() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o022));
+    test_input("umask o-r").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    // 0o022 with o-r (set read bit in other) → 0o026
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o026);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_all() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o000));
+    test_input("umask a=rx").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    // a=rx → deny w for all → 0o222
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o222);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_plus_all() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o777));
+    test_input("umask a+rwx").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o000);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_set_symbolic_minus_all() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let saved = umask(Mode::from_bits_truncate(0o000));
+    test_input("umask a-rwx").unwrap();
+    let cur = umask(saved);
+    assert_eq!(cur.bits(), 0o777);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_invalid_octal() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("umask 999");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_too_many_args() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("umask 022 077");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_invalid_who() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("umask z=rwx");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn umask_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    with_umask(0o022, || {
+      test_input("umask").unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/seek.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+use nix::{
+  libc::STDOUT_FILENO,
+  unistd::{Whence, lseek, write},
+};
+
+use crate::{
+  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens},
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
+  parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv},
+  procio::borrow_fd,
+  state,
+};
+
+pub const LSEEK_OPTS: [OptSpec; 2] = [
+  OptSpec {
+    opt: Opt::Short('c'),
+    takes_arg: false,
+  },
+  OptSpec {
+    opt: Opt::Short('e'),
+    takes_arg: false,
+  },
+];
+
+pub struct LseekOpts {
+  cursor_rel: bool,
+  end_rel: bool,
+}
+
+pub fn seek(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+  let NdRule::Command {
+    assignments: _,
+    argv,
+  } = node.class
+  else {
+    unreachable!()
+  };
+
+  let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(argv, &LSEEK_OPTS)?;
+  let lseek_opts = get_lseek_opts(opts)?;
+  let mut argv = prepare_argv(argv)?.into_iter();
+  argv.next(); // drop 'seek'
+
+  let Some(fd) = argv.next() else {
+    return Err(ShErr::simple(
+      ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+      "lseek: Missing required argument 'fd'",
+    ));
+  };
+  let Ok(fd) = fd.0.parse::<u32>() else {
+    return Err(
+      ShErr::at(ShErrKind::ExecFail, fd.1, "Invalid file descriptor")
+        .with_note("file descriptors are integers"),
+    );
+  };
+
+  let Some(offset) = argv.next() else {
+    return Err(ShErr::simple(
+      ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+      "lseek: Missing required argument 'offset'",
+    ));
+  };
+  let Ok(offset) = offset.0.parse::<i64>() else {
+    return Err(
+      ShErr::at(ShErrKind::ExecFail, offset.1, "Invalid offset")
+        .with_note("offset can be a positive or negative integer"),
+    );
+  };
+
+  let whence = if lseek_opts.cursor_rel {
+    Whence::SeekCur
+  } else if lseek_opts.end_rel {
+    Whence::SeekEnd
+  } else {
+    Whence::SeekSet
+  };
+
+  match lseek(fd as i32, offset, whence) {
+    Ok(new_offset) => {
+      let stdout = borrow_fd(STDOUT_FILENO);
+      let buf = new_offset.to_string() + "\n";
+      write(stdout, buf.as_bytes())?;
+    }
+    Err(e) => {
+      state::set_status(1);
+      return Err(e.into());
+    }
+  }
+
+  state::set_status(0);
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn get_lseek_opts(opts: Vec<Opt>) -> ShResult<LseekOpts> {
+  let mut lseek_opts = LseekOpts {
+    cursor_rel: false,
+    end_rel: false,
+  };
+
+  for opt in opts {
+    match opt {
+      Opt::Short('c') => lseek_opts.cursor_rel = true,
+      Opt::Short('e') => lseek_opts.end_rel = true,
+      _ => {
+        return Err(ShErr::simple(
+          ShErrKind::ExecFail,
+          format!("lseek: Unexpected flag '{opt}'"),
+        ));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Ok(lseek_opts)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_beginning() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "0\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_set_offset() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_then_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    // Clear the seek output
+    g.read_output();
+
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_cur_relative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abcdefghij\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 3").unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -c 9 4").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "3\n7\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 0").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_end_negative() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello\n").unwrap(); // 6 bytes
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek -e 9 -2").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "4\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_write_overwrite() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello world\n").unwrap();
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input("seek 9 6").unwrap();
+    test_input("echo -n 'WORLD' >&9").unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "hello WORLD\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_rewind_full_read() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("seek.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "abc\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("exec 9<> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    // Read moves cursor to EOF
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+    // Rewind
+    test_input("seek 9 0").unwrap();
+    // Clear output from seek
+    g.read_output();
+    // Read again from beginning
+    test_input("read line <&9").unwrap();
+
+    let val = crate::state::read_vars(|v| v.get_var("line"));
+    assert_eq!(val, "abc");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_bad_fd() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 99 0");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn seek_missing_args() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    let result = test_input("seek");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+
+    let result = test_input("seek 9");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/shift.rs

@@ -35,3 +35,53 @@ pub fn shift(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shift_in_function() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { echo $1; shift 1; echo $1; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f a b").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    let lines: Vec<&str> = out.lines().collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines[0], "a");
+    assert_eq!(lines[1], "b");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shift_multiple() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { shift 2; echo $1; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f a b c").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "c");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shift_all_params() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { shift 3; echo \"[$1]\"; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f a b c").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out.trim(), "[]");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shift_non_numeric_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("shift abc");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shift_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("f() { shift 1; }").unwrap();
+    test_input("f a b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/shopt.rs

@@ -45,3 +45,104 @@ pub fn shopt(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, read_shopts};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== Display =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_no_args_displays_all() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("dotglob"));
+    assert!(out.contains("autocd"));
+    assert!(out.contains("max_hist"));
+    assert!(out.contains("edit_mode"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_query_category() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt core").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("dotglob"));
+    assert!(out.contains("autocd"));
+    // Should not contain prompt opts
+    assert!(!out.contains("edit_mode"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_query_single_opt() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt core.dotglob").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("false"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Set =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_set_bool() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt core.dotglob=true").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_shopts(|o| o.core.dotglob));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_set_int() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt core.max_hist=500").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_shopts(|o| o.core.max_hist), 500);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_set_string() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt prompt.leader=space").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.leader.clone()), "space");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_set_edit_mode() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt prompt.edit_mode=emacs").unwrap();
+    let mode = read_shopts(|o| format!("{}", o.prompt.edit_mode));
+    assert_eq!(mode, "emacs");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_invalid_category() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("shopt bogus.dotglob");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_invalid_option() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("shopt core.nonexistent");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_invalid_value() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("shopt core.dotglob=notabool");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn shopt_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("shopt core.autocd=true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/source.rs

@@ -41,3 +41,131 @@ pub fn source(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+  use std::io::Write;
+
+  use crate::state::{self, read_logic, read_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_simple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"some_var=some_val").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    let var = read_vars(|v| v.get_var("some_var"));
+    assert_eq!(var, "some_val".to_string());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_multiple_commands() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"x=1\ny=2\nz=3").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("x")), "1");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("y")), "2");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("z")), "3");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_defines_function() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"greet() { echo hi; }").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    let func = read_logic(|l| l.get_func("greet"));
+    assert!(func.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_defines_alias() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"alias ll='ls -la'").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    let alias = read_logic(|l| l.get_alias("ll"));
+    assert!(alias.is_some());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_output_captured() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"echo sourced").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("sourced"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_multiple_files() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file1 = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let mut file2 = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path1 = file1.path().display().to_string();
+    let path2 = file2.path().display().to_string();
+    file1.write_all(b"a=from_file1").unwrap();
+    file2.write_all(b"b=from_file2").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path1} {path2}")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "from_file1");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "from_file2");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Dot syntax =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_dot_syntax() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"dot_var=dot_val").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!(". {path}")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("dot_var")), "dot_val");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_nonexistent_file() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("source /tmp/__no_such_file_xyz__");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_directory_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let result = test_input(format!("source {}", dir.path().display()));
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn source_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    let path = file.path().display().to_string();
+    file.write_all(b"true").unwrap();
+
+    test_input(format!("source {path}")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/test.rs

@@ -94,7 +94,10 @@ impl FromStr for TestOp {
       "-ge" => Ok(Self::IntGe),
       "-le" => Ok(Self::IntLe),
       _ if TEST_UNARY_OPS.contains(&s) => Ok(Self::Unary(s.parse::<UnaryOp>()?)),
-      _ => Err(ShErr::simple(ShErrKind::SyntaxErr, "Invalid test operator")),
+      _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
+        ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+        format!("Invalid test operator '{}'", s),
+      )),
     }
   }
 }
@@ -121,6 +124,7 @@ pub fn double_bracket_test(node: Node) -> ShResult<bool> {
   };
   let mut last_result = false;
   let mut conjunct_op: Option<ConjunctOp>;
+  log::trace!("test cases: {:#?}", cases);
 
   for case in cases {
     let result = match case {
@@ -290,21 +294,333 @@ pub fn double_bracket_test(node: Node) -> ShResult<bool> {
       }
     };
 
+    last_result = result;
     if let Some(op) = conjunct_op {
       match op {
-        ConjunctOp::And if !last_result => {
-          last_result = result;
-          break;
-        }
-        ConjunctOp::Or if last_result => {
-          last_result = result;
-          break;
-        }
+        ConjunctOp::And if !last_result => break,
+        ConjunctOp::Or if last_result => break,
         _ => {}
       }
-    } else {
-      last_result = result;
     }
   }
   Ok(last_result)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use std::fs;
+  use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
+
+  // ===================== Unary: file tests =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_exists_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -e {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_exists_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -e /tmp/__no_such_file_test_rs__ ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_is_directory() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -d {} ]]", dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_is_directory_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -d {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_is_file() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -f {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_is_file_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -f {} ]]", dir.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_readable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -r {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_writable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -w {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_non_empty_file() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    fs::write(file.path(), "content").unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -s {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_empty_file() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("[[ -s {} ]]", file.path().display())).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Unary: string tests =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_non_null_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -n hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_non_null_empty() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -n '' ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_null_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -z '' ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_null_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -z hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Binary: string comparison =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_eq() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello == hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_eq_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello == world ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_neq() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello != world ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_neq_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello != hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_glob_match() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello == hel* ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_string_glob_no_match() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello == wor* ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Binary: integer comparison =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_eq() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 42 -eq 42 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_eq_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 42 -eq 43 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_ne() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 1 -ne 2 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_gt() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 10 -gt 5 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_gt_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 5 -gt 10 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_lt() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 5 -lt 10 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_ge() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 10 -ge 10 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_le() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ 5 -le 5 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_negative() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -5 -lt 0 ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_int_non_integer_errors() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("[[ abc -eq 1 ]]");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Binary: regex match =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_regex_match() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ hello123 =~ ^hello[0-9]+$ ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_regex_no_match() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ goodbye =~ ^hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Conjuncts =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_and_both_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -n hello && -n world ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_and_first_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -z hello && -n world ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_or_first_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -n hello || -z hello ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn test_or_both_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("[[ -z hello || -z world ]]").unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Pure: operator parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_unary_ops() {
+    use super::UnaryOp;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    for op in [
+      "-e", "-d", "-f", "-h", "-L", "-r", "-w", "-x", "-s", "-p", "-S", "-b", "-c", "-k", "-O",
+      "-G", "-N", "-u", "-g", "-t", "-n", "-z",
+    ] {
+      assert!(UnaryOp::from_str(op).is_ok(), "failed to parse {op}");
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_invalid_unary_op() {
+    use super::UnaryOp;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    assert!(UnaryOp::from_str("-Q").is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_binary_ops() {
+    use super::TestOp;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    for op in ["==", "!=", "=~", "-eq", "-ne", "-gt", "-lt", "-ge", "-le"] {
+      assert!(TestOp::from_str(op).is_ok(), "failed to parse {op}");
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_invalid_binary_op() {
+    use super::TestOp;
+    use std::str::FromStr;
+    assert!(TestOp::from_str("~=").is_err());
+  }
+}

src/builtin/trap.rs

@@ -167,3 +167,148 @@ pub fn trap(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::TrapTarget;
+  use crate::state::{self, read_logic};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+  use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
+  use std::str::FromStr;
+
+  // ===================== Pure: TrapTarget parsing =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_exit() {
+    assert_eq!(TrapTarget::from_str("EXIT").unwrap(), TrapTarget::Exit);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_err() {
+    assert_eq!(TrapTarget::from_str("ERR").unwrap(), TrapTarget::Error);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_signal_int() {
+    assert_eq!(
+      TrapTarget::from_str("INT").unwrap(),
+      TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGINT)
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_signal_term() {
+    assert_eq!(
+      TrapTarget::from_str("TERM").unwrap(),
+      TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGTERM)
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_signal_usr1() {
+    assert_eq!(
+      TrapTarget::from_str("USR1").unwrap(),
+      TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGUSR1)
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_invalid() {
+    assert!(TrapTarget::from_str("BOGUS").is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Pure: Display round-trip =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn display_exit() {
+    assert_eq!(TrapTarget::Exit.to_string(), "EXIT");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn display_err() {
+    assert_eq!(TrapTarget::Error.to_string(), "ERR");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn display_signal_roundtrip() {
+    for name in &[
+      "INT", "QUIT", "TERM", "USR1", "USR2", "ALRM", "CHLD", "WINCH",
+    ] {
+      let target = TrapTarget::from_str(name).unwrap();
+      assert_eq!(target.to_string(), *name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration: registration =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_registers_exit() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'echo bye' EXIT").unwrap();
+    let cmd = read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Exit));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.unwrap(), "echo bye");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_registers_signal() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'echo caught' INT").unwrap();
+    let cmd = read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGINT)));
+    assert_eq!(cmd.unwrap(), "echo caught");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_multiple_signals() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'handle' INT TERM").unwrap();
+    let int = read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGINT)));
+    let term = read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Signal(Signal::SIGTERM)));
+    assert_eq!(int.unwrap(), "handle");
+    assert_eq!(term.unwrap(), "handle");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_remove() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'echo hi' EXIT").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Exit)).is_some());
+    test_input("trap - EXIT").unwrap();
+    assert!(read_logic(|l| l.get_trap(TrapTarget::Exit)).is_none());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_display() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'echo bye' EXIT").unwrap();
+    test_input("trap").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("echo bye"));
+    assert!(out.contains("EXIT"));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Error cases =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_single_arg_usage() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Single arg prints usage and sets status 1
+    test_input("trap 'echo hi'").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_invalid_signal() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("trap 'echo hi' BOGUS");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn trap_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("trap 'echo bye' EXIT").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/varcmds.rs

@@ -196,3 +196,231 @@ pub fn local(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
   state::set_status(0);
   Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state::{self, VarFlags, read_vars};
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== readonly =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_sets_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly myvar").unwrap();
+    let flags = read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("myvar"));
+    assert!(flags.unwrap().contains(VarFlags::READONLY));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_with_value() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly myvar=hello").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "hello");
+    let flags = read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("myvar"));
+    assert!(flags.unwrap().contains(VarFlags::READONLY));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_prevents_reassignment() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly myvar=hello").unwrap();
+    let result = test_input("myvar=world");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_display() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly rdo_test_var=abc").unwrap();
+    test_input("readonly").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("rdo_test_var=abc"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_multiple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly a=1 b=2").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "1");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "2");
+    assert!(
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("a"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::READONLY)
+    );
+    assert!(
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("b"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::READONLY)
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn readonly_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly x=1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== unset =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_removes_variable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("myvar=hello").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "hello");
+    test_input("unset myvar").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_multiple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("a=1").unwrap();
+    test_input("b=2").unwrap();
+    test_input("unset a b").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("a")), "");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("b")), "");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_nonexistent_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("unset __no_such_var__");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_no_args_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let result = test_input("unset");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_readonly_fails() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("readonly myvar=protected").unwrap();
+    let result = test_input("unset myvar");
+    assert!(result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("myvar")), "protected");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn unset_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("x=1").unwrap();
+    test_input("unset x").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== export =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_with_value() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("export SHED_TEST_VAR=hello_export").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("SHED_TEST_VAR")), "hello_export");
+    assert_eq!(std::env::var("SHED_TEST_VAR").unwrap(), "hello_export");
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_TEST_VAR") };
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_existing_variable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("SHED_TEST_VAR2=existing").unwrap();
+    test_input("export SHED_TEST_VAR2").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(std::env::var("SHED_TEST_VAR2").unwrap(), "existing");
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_TEST_VAR2") };
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_sets_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("export SHED_TEST_VAR3=flagged").unwrap();
+    let flags = read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("SHED_TEST_VAR3"));
+    assert!(flags.unwrap().contains(VarFlags::EXPORT));
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_TEST_VAR3") };
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_display() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("export").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("PATH=") || out.contains("HOME="));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_multiple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("export SHED_A=1 SHED_B=2").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(std::env::var("SHED_A").unwrap(), "1");
+    assert_eq!(std::env::var("SHED_B").unwrap(), "2");
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_A") };
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_B") };
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn export_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("export SHED_ST=1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+    unsafe { std::env::remove_var("SHED_ST") };
+  }
+
+  // ===================== local =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_sets_variable() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("local mylocal=hello").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("mylocal")), "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_sets_flag() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("local mylocal=val").unwrap();
+    let flags = read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("mylocal"));
+    assert!(flags.unwrap().contains(VarFlags::LOCAL));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_empty_value() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("local mylocal").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("mylocal")), "");
+    assert!(
+      read_vars(|v| v.get_var_flags("mylocal"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .contains(VarFlags::LOCAL)
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_display() {
+    let guard = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("lv_test=display_val").unwrap();
+    test_input("local").unwrap();
+    let out = guard.read_output();
+    assert!(out.contains("lv_test=display_val"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_multiple() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("local x=10 y=20").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("x")), "10");
+    assert_eq!(read_vars(|v| v.get_var("y")), "20");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn local_status_zero() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("local z=1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/builtin/zoltraak.rs

@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
-
-use crate::{
-  getopt::{Opt, OptSpec, get_opts_from_tokens},
-  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, ShResultExt},
-  parse::{NdRule, Node, execute::prepare_argv},
-  prelude::*,
-  procio::borrow_fd,
-};
-
-bitflags! {
-  #[derive(Clone,Copy,Debug,PartialEq,Eq)]
-  struct ZoltFlags: u32 {
-    const DRY              = 0b000001;
-    const CONFIRM          = 0b000010;
-    const NO_PRESERVE_ROOT = 0b000100;
-    const RECURSIVE        = 0b001000;
-    const FORCE            = 0b010000;
-    const VERBOSE          = 0b100000;
-  }
-}
-
-/// Annihilate a file
-///
-/// This command works similarly to 'rm', but behaves more destructively.
-/// The file given as an argument is completely destroyed. The command works by
-/// shredding all of the data contained in the file, before truncating the
-/// length of the file to 0 to ensure that not even any metadata remains.
-pub fn zoltraak(node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
-  let NdRule::Command {
-    assignments: _,
-    argv,
-  } = node.class
-  else {
-    unreachable!()
-  };
-  let zolt_opts = [
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Long("dry-run".into()),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Long("confirm".into()),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Long("no-preserve-root".into()),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Short('r'),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Short('f'),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-    OptSpec {
-      opt: Opt::Short('v'),
-      takes_arg: false,
-    },
-  ];
-  let mut flags = ZoltFlags::empty();
-
-  let (argv, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(argv, &zolt_opts)?;
-
-  for opt in opts {
-    match opt {
-      Opt::Long(flag) => match flag.as_str() {
-        "no-preserve-root" => flags |= ZoltFlags::NO_PRESERVE_ROOT,
-        "confirm" => flags |= ZoltFlags::CONFIRM,
-        "dry-run" => flags |= ZoltFlags::DRY,
-        _ => {
-          return Err(ShErr::simple(
-            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
-            format!("zoltraak: unrecognized option '{flag}'"),
-          ));
-        }
-      },
-      Opt::Short(flag) => match flag {
-        'r' => flags |= ZoltFlags::RECURSIVE,
-        'f' => flags |= ZoltFlags::FORCE,
-        'v' => flags |= ZoltFlags::VERBOSE,
-        _ => {
-          return Err(ShErr::simple(
-            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
-            format!("zoltraak: unrecognized option '{flag}'"),
-          ));
-        }
-      },
-      Opt::LongWithArg(flag, _) => {
-        return Err(ShErr::simple(
-          ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
-          format!("zoltraak: unrecognized option '{flag}'"),
-        ));
-      }
-      Opt::ShortWithArg(flag, _) => {
-        return Err(ShErr::simple(
-          ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
-          format!("zoltraak: unrecognized option '{flag}'"),
-        ));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  let mut argv = prepare_argv(argv)?;
-  if !argv.is_empty() {
-    argv.remove(0);
-  }
-
-  for (arg, span) in argv {
-    if &arg == "/" && !flags.contains(ZoltFlags::NO_PRESERVE_ROOT) {
-      return Err(
-        ShErr::simple(
-          ShErrKind::ExecFail,
-          "zoltraak: Attempted to destroy root directory '/'",
-        )
-        .with_note("If you really want to do this, you can use the --no-preserve-root flag"),
-      );
-    }
-    annihilate(&arg, flags).blame(span)?
-  }
-
-  Ok(())
-}
-
-fn annihilate(path: &str, flags: ZoltFlags) -> ShResult<()> {
-  let path_buf = PathBuf::from(path);
-  let is_recursive = flags.contains(ZoltFlags::RECURSIVE);
-  let is_verbose = flags.contains(ZoltFlags::VERBOSE);
-
-  const BLOCK_SIZE: u64 = 4096;
-
-  if !path_buf.exists() {
-    return Err(ShErr::simple(
-      ShErrKind::ExecFail,
-      format!("zoltraak: File '{path}' not found"),
-    ));
-  }
-
-  if path_buf.is_file() {
-    let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
-      .write(true)
-      .custom_flags(libc::O_DIRECT)
-      .open(path_buf)?;
-
-    let meta = file.metadata()?;
-    let file_size = meta.len();
-    let full_blocks = file_size / BLOCK_SIZE;
-    let byte_remainder = file_size % BLOCK_SIZE;
-
-    let full_buf = vec![0; BLOCK_SIZE as usize];
-    let remainder_buf = vec![0; byte_remainder as usize];
-
-    for _ in 0..full_blocks {
-      file.write_all(&full_buf)?;
-    }
-
-    if byte_remainder > 0 {
-      file.write_all(&remainder_buf)?;
-    }
-
-    file.set_len(0)?;
-    mem::drop(file);
-    fs::remove_file(path)?;
-    if is_verbose {
-      let stderr = borrow_fd(STDERR_FILENO);
-      write(stderr, format!("shredded file '{path}'\n").as_bytes())?;
-    }
-  } else if path_buf.is_dir() {
-    if is_recursive {
-      annihilate_recursive(path, flags)?; // scary
-    } else {
-      return Err(
-        ShErr::simple(
-          ShErrKind::ExecFail,
-          format!("zoltraak: '{path}' is a directory"),
-        )
-        .with_note("Use the '-r' flag to recursively shred directories"),
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  Ok(())
-}
-
-fn annihilate_recursive(dir: &str, flags: ZoltFlags) -> ShResult<()> {
-  let dir_path = PathBuf::from(dir);
-  let is_verbose = flags.contains(ZoltFlags::VERBOSE);
-
-  for dir_entry in fs::read_dir(&dir_path)? {
-    let entry = dir_entry?.path();
-    let file = entry.to_str().unwrap();
-
-    if entry.is_file() {
-      annihilate(file, flags)?;
-    } else if entry.is_dir() {
-      annihilate_recursive(file, flags)?;
-    }
-  }
-  fs::remove_dir(dir)?;
-  if is_verbose {
-    let stderr = borrow_fd(STDERR_FILENO);
-    write(stderr, format!("shredded directory '{dir}'\n").as_bytes())?;
-  }
-  Ok(())
-}

src/getopt.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use ariadne::Fmt;
 use fmt::Display;
 
-use crate::{libsh::error::ShResult, parse::lex::Tk, prelude::*};
+use crate::{
+  libsh::error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult, next_color},
+  parse::lex::Tk,
+  prelude::*,
+};
 
 pub type OptSet = Arc<[Opt]>;
 
@@ -67,20 +72,37 @@ pub fn get_opts(words: Vec<String>) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Opt>) {
   (non_opts, opts)
 }
 
+pub fn get_opts_from_tokens_strict(
+  tokens: Vec<Tk>,
+  opt_specs: &[OptSpec],
+) -> ShResult<(Vec<Tk>, Vec<Opt>)> {
+  sort_tks(tokens, opt_specs, true)
+}
+
 pub fn get_opts_from_tokens(
   tokens: Vec<Tk>,
   opt_specs: &[OptSpec],
+) -> ShResult<(Vec<Tk>, Vec<Opt>)> {
+  sort_tks(tokens, opt_specs, false)
+}
+
+pub fn sort_tks(
+  tokens: Vec<Tk>,
+  opt_specs: &[OptSpec],
+  strict: bool,
 ) -> ShResult<(Vec<Tk>, Vec<Opt>)> {
   let mut tokens_iter = tokens
     .into_iter()
     .map(|t| t.expand())
     .collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>()?
-    .into_iter();
+    .into_iter()
+    .peekable();
   let mut opts = vec![];
   let mut non_opts = vec![];
 
   while let Some(token) = tokens_iter.next() {
     if &token.to_string() == "--" {
+      non_opts.push(token);
       non_opts.extend(tokens_iter);
       break;
     }
@@ -113,10 +135,275 @@ pub fn get_opts_from_tokens(
           }
         }
         if !pushed {
-          non_opts.push(token.clone());
+          if strict {
+            return Err(ShErr::simple(
+              ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+              format!("Unknown option: {}", opt.to_string().fg(next_color())),
+            ));
+          } else {
+            non_opts.push(token.clone());
+          }
         }
       }
     }
   }
   Ok((non_opts, opts))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::parse::lex::{LexFlags, LexStream};
+
+  use super::*;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_short_single() {
+    let opts = Opt::parse("-a");
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('a')]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_short_combined() {
+    let opts = Opt::parse("-abc");
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_long() {
+    let opts = Opt::parse("--verbose");
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Long("verbose".into())]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn parse_non_option() {
+    let opts = Opt::parse("hello");
+    assert!(opts.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_basic() {
+    let words = vec![
+      "file.txt".into(),
+      "-v".into(),
+      "--help".into(),
+      "arg".into(),
+    ];
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
+    assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["file.txt", "arg"]);
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('v'), Opt::Long("help".into())]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_double_dash_stops_parsing() {
+    let words = vec!["-a".into(), "--".into(), "-b".into(), "--foo".into()];
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('a')]);
+    assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["-b", "--foo"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_combined_short() {
+    let words = vec!["-abc".into(), "file".into()];
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["file"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_no_flags() {
+    let words = vec!["foo".into(), "bar".into()];
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(words);
+    assert!(opts.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(non_opts, vec!["foo", "bar"]);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_empty_input() {
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts(vec![]);
+    assert!(opts.is_empty());
+    assert!(non_opts.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn display_formatting() {
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Short('v').to_string(), "-v");
+    assert_eq!(Opt::Long("help".into()).to_string(), "--help");
+    assert_eq!(Opt::ShortWithArg('o', "file".into()).to_string(), "-o file");
+    assert_eq!(
+      Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "file".into()).to_string(),
+      "--output file"
+    );
+  }
+
+  fn lex(input: &str) -> Vec<Tk> {
+    LexStream::new(Arc::new(input.to_string()), LexFlags::empty())
+      .collect::<ShResult<Vec<Tk>>>()
+      .unwrap()
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_opts_from_tks() {
+    let tokens = lex("file.txt --help -v arg");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('v'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Long("help".into()),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    let mut opts = opts.into_iter();
+    assert!(opts.any(|o| o == Opt::Short('v') || o == Opt::Long("help".into())));
+    assert!(opts.any(|o| o == Opt::Short('v') || o == Opt::Long("help".into())));
+
+    let mut non_opts = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string());
+    assert!(non_opts.any(|s| s == "file.txt" || s == "arg"));
+    assert!(non_opts.any(|s| s == "file.txt" || s == "arg"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_short_with_arg() {
+    let tokens = lex("-o output.txt file.txt");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('o'),
+      takes_arg: true,
+    }];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::ShortWithArg('o', "output.txt".into())]);
+    let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(non_opts.contains(&"file.txt".to_string()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_long_with_arg() {
+    let tokens = lex("--output result.txt input.txt");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Long("output".into()),
+      takes_arg: true,
+    }];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "result.txt".into())]
+    );
+    let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(non_opts.contains(&"input.txt".to_string()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_double_dash_stops() {
+    let tokens = lex("-v -- -a --foo");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('v'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('a'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('v')]);
+    let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(non_opts.contains(&"-a".to_string()));
+    assert!(non_opts.contains(&"--foo".to_string()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_combined_short_with_spec() {
+    let tokens = lex("-abc");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('a'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('b'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('c'),
+        takes_arg: false,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    let (_non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![Opt::Short('a'), Opt::Short('b'), Opt::Short('c')]
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_unknown_opt_becomes_non_opt() {
+    let tokens = lex("-v -x file");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![OptSpec {
+      opt: Opt::Short('v'),
+      takes_arg: false,
+    }];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(opts, vec![Opt::Short('v')]);
+    // -x is not in spec, so its token goes to non_opts
+    assert!(
+      non_opts
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+        .any(|s| s == "-x" || s == "file")
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tks_mixed_short_and_long_with_args() {
+    let tokens = lex("-n 5 --output file.txt input");
+
+    let opt_spec = vec![
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Short('n'),
+        takes_arg: true,
+      },
+      OptSpec {
+        opt: Opt::Long("output".into()),
+        takes_arg: true,
+      },
+    ];
+
+    let (non_opts, opts) = get_opts_from_tokens(tokens, &opt_spec).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+      opts,
+      vec![
+        Opt::ShortWithArg('n', "5".into()),
+        Opt::LongWithArg("output".into(), "file.txt".into()),
+      ]
+    );
+    let non_opts: Vec<String> = non_opts.into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    assert!(non_opts.contains(&"input".to_string()));
+  }
+}

src/jobs.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+use ariadne::Fmt;
 use scopeguard::defer;
+use yansi::Color;
 
 use crate::{
   libsh::{
     error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
     sys::TTY_FILENO,
-    term::{Style, Styled},
   },
   prelude::*,
   procio::{IoMode, borrow_fd},
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ pub struct RegisteredFd {
   pub owner_pid: Pid,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Debug)]
 pub struct JobTab {
   fg: Option<Job>,
   order: Vec<usize>,
@@ -724,12 +725,12 @@ impl Job {
       stat_line = format!("{}{} ", pid, stat_line);
       stat_line = format!("{} {}", stat_line, cmd);
       stat_line = match job_stat {
-        WtStat::Stopped(..) | WtStat::Signaled(..) => stat_line.styled(Style::Magenta),
+        WtStat::Stopped(..) | WtStat::Signaled(..) => stat_line.fg(Color::Magenta).to_string(),
         WtStat::Exited(_, code) => match code {
-          0 => stat_line.styled(Style::Green),
-          _ => stat_line.styled(Style::Red),
+          0 => stat_line.fg(Color::Green).to_string(),
+          _ => stat_line.fg(Color::Red).to_string(),
         },
-        _ => stat_line.styled(Style::Cyan),
+        _ => stat_line.fg(Color::Cyan).to_string(),
       };
       if i != 0 {
         let padding = " ".repeat(id_box.len() - 1);

src/libsh/error.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use ariadne::Color;
+use ariadne::{Color, Fmt};
 use ariadne::{Report, ReportKind};
 use rand::TryRng;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
 use std::fmt::Display;
+use yansi::Paint;
 
 use crate::procio::RedirGuard;
 use crate::{
-  libsh::term::{Style, Styled},
   parse::lex::{Span, SpanSource},
   prelude::*,
 };
@@ -144,12 +144,13 @@ impl Note {
 
 impl Display for Note {
   fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-    let note = "note".styled(Style::Green);
+    let note = Fmt::fg("note", Color::Green);
     let main = &self.main;
     if self.depth == 0 {
       writeln!(f, "{note}: {main}")?;
     } else {
-      let bar_break = "-".styled(Style::Cyan | Style::Bold);
+      let bar_break = Fmt::fg("-", Color::Cyan);
+      let bar_break = bar_break.bold();
       let indent = "  ".repeat(self.depth);
       writeln!(f, "  {indent}{bar_break} {main}")?;
     }
@@ -200,6 +201,7 @@ impl ShErr {
   pub fn is_flow_control(&self) -> bool {
     self.kind.is_flow_control()
   }
+  /// Promotes a shell error from a simple error to an error that blames a span
   pub fn promote(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
     if self.notes.is_empty() {
       return self;
@@ -207,6 +209,8 @@ impl ShErr {
     let first = self.notes[0].clone();
     if self.notes.len() > 1 {
       self.notes = self.notes[1..].to_vec();
+    } else {
+      self.notes = vec![];
     }
 
     self.labeled(span, first)

src/libsh/flog.rs

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
-
-use super::term::{Style, Styled};
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Eq, Debug)]
-#[repr(u8)]
-pub enum ShedLogLevel {
-  NONE = 0,
-  ERROR = 1,
-  WARN = 2,
-  INFO = 3,
-  DEBUG = 4,
-  TRACE = 5,
-}
-
-impl Display for ShedLogLevel {
-  fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-    use ShedLogLevel::*;
-    match self {
-      ERROR => write!(f, "{}", "ERROR".styled(Style::Red | Style::Bold)),
-      WARN => write!(f, "{}", "WARN".styled(Style::Yellow | Style::Bold)),
-      INFO => write!(f, "{}", "INFO".styled(Style::Green | Style::Bold)),
-      DEBUG => write!(f, "{}", "DEBUG".styled(Style::Magenta | Style::Bold)),
-      TRACE => write!(f, "{}", "TRACE".styled(Style::Blue | Style::Bold)),
-      NONE => write!(f, ""),
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-pub fn log_level() -> ShedLogLevel {
-  use ShedLogLevel::*;
-  let level = std::env::var("SHED_LOG_LEVEL").unwrap_or_default();
-  match level.to_lowercase().as_str() {
-    "error" => ERROR,
-    "warn" => WARN,
-    "info" => INFO,
-    "debug" => DEBUG,
-    "trace" => TRACE,
-    _ => NONE,
-  }
-}
-
-/// A structured logging macro designed for `shed`.
-///
-/// `flog!` was implemented because `rustyline` uses `env_logger`, which
-/// clutters the debug output. This macro prints log messages in a structured
-/// format, including the log level, filename, and line number.
-///
-/// # Usage
-///
-/// The macro supports three types of arguments:
-///
-/// ## 1. **Formatted Messages**
-/// Similar to `println!` or `format!`, allows embedding values inside a
-/// formatted string.
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// flog!(ERROR, "foo is {}", foo);
-/// ```
-/// **Output:**
-/// ```plaintext
-/// [ERROR][file.rs:10] foo is <value of foo>
-/// ```
-///
-/// ## 2. **Literals**
-/// Directly prints each literal argument as a separate line.
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// flog!(WARN, "foo", "bar");
-/// ```
-/// **Output:**
-/// ```plaintext
-/// [WARN][file.rs:10] foo
-/// [WARN][file.rs:10] bar
-/// ```
-///
-/// ## 3. **Expressions**
-/// Logs the evaluated result of each given expression, displaying both the
-/// expression and its value.
-///
-/// ```rust
-/// flog!(INFO, 1.min(2));
-/// ```
-/// **Output:**
-/// ```plaintext
-/// [INFO][file.rs:10] 1
-/// ```
-///
-/// # Considerations
-/// - This macro uses `eprintln!()` internally, so its formatting rules must be
-///   followed.
-/// - **Literals and formatted messages** require arguments that implement
-///   [`std::fmt::Display`].
-/// - **Expressions** require arguments that implement [`std::fmt::Debug`].
-#[macro_export]
-macro_rules! flog {
-	($level:path, $fmt:literal, $($args:expr),+ $(,)?) => {{
-		use $crate::libsh::flog::log_level;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Styled;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Style;
-
-		if $level <= log_level() {
-			let file = file!().styled(Style::Cyan);
-			let line = line!().to_string().styled(Style::Cyan);
-
-			eprintln!(
-				"[{}][{}:{}] {}",
-				$level, file, line, format!($fmt, $($args),+)
-			);
-		}
-	}};
-
-	($level:path, $($val:expr),+ $(,)?) => {{
-		use $crate::libsh::flog::log_level;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Styled;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Style;
-
-		if $level <= log_level() {
-			let file = file!().styled(Style::Cyan);
-			let line = line!().to_string().styled(Style::Cyan);
-
-			$(
-				let val_name = stringify!($val);
-				eprintln!(
-					"[{}][{}:{}] {} = {:#?}",
-					$level, file, line, val_name, &$val
-				);
-			)+
-		}
-	}};
-
-	($level:path, $($lit:literal),+ $(,)?) => {{
-		use $crate::libsh::flog::log_level;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Styled;
-		use $crate::libsh::term::Style;
-
-		if $level <= log_level() {
-			let file = file!().styled(Style::Cyan);
-			let line = line!().to_string().styled(Style::Cyan);
-
-			$(
-				eprintln!(
-					"[{}][{}:{}] {}",
-					$level, file, line, $lit
-				);
-			)+
-		}
-	}};
-}

src/libsh/guards.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::os::fd::{BorrowedFd, RawFd};
 
 use nix::sys::termios::{self, LocalFlags, Termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr};
-use nix::unistd::isatty;
+use nix::unistd::{isatty, write};
 use scopeguard::guard;
 
 thread_local! {
@@ -147,11 +147,10 @@ impl RawModeGuard {
     let orig = ORIG_TERMIOS
       .with(|cell| cell.borrow().clone())
       .expect("with_cooked_mode called before raw_mode()");
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig)
-      .expect("Failed to restore cooked mode");
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &orig).ok();
     let res = f();
-    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current)
-      .expect("Failed to restore raw mode");
+    tcsetattr(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), termios::SetArg::TCSANOW, &current).ok();
+    unsafe { write(BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(*TTY_FILENO), b"\x1b[?1l\x1b>").ok() };
     res
   }
 }
@@ -159,11 +158,12 @@ impl RawModeGuard {
 impl Drop for RawModeGuard {
   fn drop(&mut self) {
     unsafe {
-      let _ = termios::tcsetattr(
+      termios::tcsetattr(
         BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.fd),
         termios::SetArg::TCSANOW,
         &self.orig,
-      );
+      )
+      .ok();
     }
   }
 }

src/libsh/mod.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pub mod error;
-pub mod flog;
 pub mod guards;
 pub mod sys;
 pub mod term;

src/libsh/sys.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@ use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 use crate::prelude::*;
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
 pub static TTY_FILENO: LazyLock<RawFd> = LazyLock::new(|| {
-  open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty")
+  let fd = open("/dev/tty", OFlag::O_RDWR, Mode::empty()).expect("Failed to open /dev/tty");
+  // Move the tty fd above the user-accessible range so that
+  // `exec 3>&-` and friends don't collide with shell internals.
+  let high =
+    fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD)).expect("Failed to dup /dev/tty high");
+  close(fd).ok();
+  high
 });

src/main.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ pub mod shopt;
 pub mod signal;
 pub mod state;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod testutil;
+
 use std::os::fd::BorrowedFd;
 use std::process::ExitCode;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
@@ -30,15 +33,17 @@ use crate::builtin::trap::TrapTarget;
 use crate::libsh::error::{self, ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult};
 use crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO;
 use crate::libsh::utils::AutoCmdVecUtils;
-use crate::parse::execute::exec_input;
+use crate::parse::execute::{exec_dash_c, exec_input};
 use crate::prelude::*;
 use crate::procio::borrow_fd;
 use crate::readline::term::{LineWriter, RawModeGuard, raw_mode};
 use crate::readline::{Prompt, ReadlineEvent, ShedVi};
 use crate::signal::{GOT_SIGWINCH, JOB_DONE, QUIT_CODE, check_signals, sig_setup, signals_pending};
-use crate::state::{AutoCmdKind, read_logic, read_shopts, source_rc, write_jobs, write_meta};
+use crate::state::{
+  AutoCmdKind, read_logic, read_shopts, source_rc, write_jobs, write_meta, write_shopts,
+};
 use clap::Parser;
-use state::{read_vars, write_vars};
+use state::write_vars;
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
 struct ShedArgs {
@@ -60,20 +65,6 @@ struct ShedArgs {
   login_shell: bool,
 }
 
-/// Force evaluation of lazily-initialized values early in shell startup.
-///
-/// In particular, this ensures that the variable table is initialized, which
-/// populates environment variables from the system. If this initialization is
-/// deferred too long, features like prompt expansion may fail due to missing
-/// environment variables.
-///
-/// This function triggers initialization by calling `read_vars` with a no-op
-/// closure, which forces access to the variable table and causes its `LazyLock`
-/// constructor to run.
-fn kickstart_lazy_evals() {
-  read_vars(|_| {});
-}
-
 /// We need to make sure that even if we panic, our child processes get sighup
 fn setup_panic_handler() {
   let default_panic_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
@@ -108,7 +99,6 @@ fn setup_panic_handler() {
 fn main() -> ExitCode {
   yansi::enable();
   env_logger::init();
-  kickstart_lazy_evals();
   setup_panic_handler();
 
   let mut args = ShedArgs::parse();
@@ -127,14 +117,24 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
     return ExitCode::SUCCESS;
   }
 
+  // Increment SHLVL, or set to 1 if not present or invalid.
+  // This var represents how many nested shell instances we're in
+  if let Ok(var) = env::var("SHLVL")
+    && let Ok(lvl) = var.parse::<u32>()
+  {
+    unsafe { env::set_var("SHLVL", (lvl + 1).to_string()) };
+  } else {
+    unsafe { env::set_var("SHLVL", "1") };
+  }
+
   if let Err(e) = if let Some(path) = args.script {
     run_script(path, args.script_args)
   } else if let Some(cmd) = args.command {
-    exec_input(cmd, None, false, None)
+    exec_dash_c(cmd)
   } else {
     let res = shed_interactive(args);
-		write(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), b"\x1b[?2004l").ok(); // disable bracketed paste mode on exit
-		res
+    write(borrow_fd(*TTY_FILENO), b"\x1b[?2004l").ok(); // disable bracketed paste mode on exit
+    res
   } {
     e.print_error();
   };
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
     }
   };
 
-	readline.writer.flush_write("\x1b[?2004h")?; // enable bracketed paste mode
+  readline.writer.flush_write("\x1b[?2004h")?; // enable bracketed paste mode
 
   // Main poll loop
   loop {
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
             readline.reset_active_widget(false)?;
           }
           ShErrKind::CleanExit(code) => {
-						QUIT_CODE.store(*code, Ordering::SeqCst);
-						return Ok(());
-					}
+            QUIT_CODE.store(*code, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            return Ok(());
+          }
           _ => e.print_error(),
         }
       }
@@ -252,14 +252,38 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
       PollFlags::POLLIN,
     )];
 
+    let mut exec_if_timeout = None;
+
     let timeout = if readline.pending_keymap.is_empty() {
-      PollTimeout::MAX
+      let screensaver_cmd = read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.screensaver_cmd.clone());
+      let screensaver_idle_time = read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.screensaver_idle_time);
+      if screensaver_idle_time > 0 && !screensaver_cmd.is_empty() {
+        exec_if_timeout = Some(screensaver_cmd);
+        PollTimeout::from((screensaver_idle_time * 1000) as u16)
+      } else {
+        PollTimeout::MAX
+      }
     } else {
       PollTimeout::from(1000u16)
     };
 
     match poll(&mut fds, timeout) {
-      Ok(_) => {}
+      Ok(0) => {
+        // We timed out.
+        if let Some(cmd) = exec_if_timeout {
+          let prepared = ReadlineEvent::Line(cmd);
+          let saved_hist_opt = read_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist);
+          let _guard = scopeguard::guard(saved_hist_opt, |opt| {
+            write_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist = opt);
+          });
+          write_shopts(|o| o.core.auto_hist = false); // don't save screensaver command to history
+
+          match handle_readline_event(&mut readline, Ok(prepared))? {
+            true => return Ok(()),
+            false => continue,
+          }
+        }
+      }
       Err(Errno::EINTR) => {
         // Interrupted by signal, loop back to handle it
         continue;
@@ -268,6 +292,7 @@ fn shed_interactive(args: ShedArgs) -> ShResult<()> {
         eprintln!("poll error: {e}");
         break;
       }
+      Ok(_) => {}
     }
 
     // Timeout — resolve pending keymap ambiguity
@@ -361,11 +386,13 @@ fn handle_readline_event(readline: &mut ShedVi, event: ShResult<ReadlineEvent>)
 
       pre_exec.exec_with(&input);
 
+      // Time this command and temporarily restore cooked terminal mode while it runs.
       let start = Instant::now();
       write_meta(|m| m.start_timer());
       if let Err(e) = RawModeGuard::with_cooked_mode(|| {
         exec_input(input.clone(), None, true, Some("<stdin>".into()))
       }) {
+        // CleanExit signals an intentional shell exit; any other error is printed.
         match e.kind() {
           ShErrKind::CleanExit(code) => {
             QUIT_CODE.store(*code, Ordering::SeqCst);

src/parse/execute.rs

@@ -23,13 +23,14 @@ use crate::{
     keymap, map,
     pwd::pwd,
     read::{self, read_builtin},
+    resource::{ulimit, umask_builtin},
+    seek::seek,
     shift::shift,
     shopt::shopt,
     source::source,
     test::double_bracket_test,
     trap::{TrapTarget, trap},
     varcmds::{export, local, readonly, unset},
-    zoltraak::zoltraak,
   },
   expand::{expand_aliases, expand_case_pattern, glob_to_regex},
   jobs::{ChildProc, JobStack, attach_tty, dispatch_job},
@@ -132,6 +133,73 @@ impl ExecArgs {
   }
 }
 
+/// Execute a `-c` command string, optimizing single simple commands to exec
+/// directly without forking. This avoids process group issues where grandchild
+/// processes (e.g. nvim spawning opencode) lose their controlling terminal.
+pub fn exec_dash_c(input: String) -> ShResult<()> {
+  let log_tab = read_logic(|l| l.clone());
+  let expanded = expand_aliases(input, HashSet::new(), &log_tab);
+  let source_name = "<shed -c>".to_string();
+  let mut parser = ParsedSrc::new(Arc::new(expanded))
+    .with_lex_flags(super::lex::LexFlags::empty())
+    .with_name(source_name.clone());
+  if let Err(errors) = parser.parse_src() {
+    for error in errors {
+      error.print_error();
+    }
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  let mut nodes = parser.extract_nodes();
+
+  // Single simple command: exec directly without forking.
+  // The parser wraps single commands as Conjunction → Pipeline → Command.
+  // Unwrap all layers to check, then set NO_FORK on the inner Command.
+  if nodes.len() == 1 {
+    let is_single_cmd = match &nodes[0].class {
+      NdRule::Command { .. } => true,
+      NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => {
+        cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. })
+      }
+      NdRule::Conjunction { elements } => {
+        elements.len() == 1
+          && match &elements[0].cmd.class {
+            NdRule::Pipeline { cmds } => {
+              cmds.len() == 1 && matches!(cmds[0].class, NdRule::Command { .. })
+            }
+            NdRule::Command { .. } => true,
+            _ => false,
+          }
+      }
+      _ => false,
+    };
+    if is_single_cmd {
+      // Unwrap to the inner Command node
+      let mut node = nodes.remove(0);
+      loop {
+        match node.class {
+          NdRule::Conjunction { mut elements } => {
+            node = *elements.remove(0).cmd;
+          }
+          NdRule::Pipeline { mut cmds } => {
+            node = cmds.remove(0);
+          }
+          NdRule::Command { .. } => break,
+          _ => break,
+        }
+      }
+      node.flags |= NdFlags::NO_FORK;
+      nodes.push(node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  let mut dispatcher = Dispatcher::new(nodes, false, source_name);
+  // exec_cmd expects a job on the stack (normally set up by exec_pipeline).
+  // For the NO_FORK exec-in-place path, create one so it doesn't panic.
+  dispatcher.job_stack.new_job();
+  dispatcher.begin_dispatch()
+}
+
 pub fn exec_input(
   input: String,
   io_stack: Option<IoStack>,
@@ -213,6 +281,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       NdRule::CaseNode { .. } => self.exec_case(node)?,
       NdRule::BraceGrp { .. } => self.exec_brc_grp(node)?,
       NdRule::FuncDef { .. } => self.exec_func_def(node)?,
+      NdRule::Negate { .. } => self.exec_negated(node)?,
       NdRule::Command { .. } => self.dispatch_cmd(node)?,
       NdRule::Test { .. } => self.exec_test(node)?,
       _ => unreachable!(),
@@ -220,6 +289,15 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     Ok(())
   }
   pub fn dispatch_cmd(&mut self, node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+    let (line, _) = node.get_span().clone().line_and_col();
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "LINENO",
+        VarKind::Str((line + 1).to_string()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })?;
+
     let Some(cmd) = node.get_command() else {
       return self.exec_cmd(node); // Argv is empty, probably an assignment
     };
@@ -247,30 +325,35 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       self.exec_cmd(node)
     }
   }
+  pub fn exec_negated(&mut self, node: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
+    let NdRule::Negate { cmd } = node.class else {
+      unreachable!()
+    };
+    self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+    let status = state::get_status();
+    state::set_status(if status == 0 { 1 } else { 0 });
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
   pub fn exec_conjunction(&mut self, conjunction: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
     let NdRule::Conjunction { elements } = conjunction.class else {
       unreachable!()
     };
 
     let mut elem_iter = elements.into_iter();
+    let mut skip = false;
     while let Some(element) = elem_iter.next() {
       let ConjunctNode { cmd, operator } = element;
-      self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+      if !skip {
+        self.dispatch_node(*cmd)?;
+      }
 
       let status = state::get_status();
-      match operator {
-        ConjunctOp::And => {
-          if status != 0 {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-        ConjunctOp::Or => {
-          if status == 0 {
-            break;
-          }
-        }
+      skip = match operator {
+        ConjunctOp::And => status != 0,
+        ConjunctOp::Or => status == 0,
         ConjunctOp::Null => break,
-      }
+      };
     }
     Ok(())
   }
@@ -290,7 +373,11 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     };
     let body_span = body.get_span();
     let body = body_span.as_str().to_string();
-    let name = name.span.as_str().strip_suffix("()").unwrap();
+    let name = name
+      .span
+      .as_str()
+      .strip_suffix("()")
+      .unwrap_or(name.span.as_str());
 
     if KEYWORDS.contains(&name) {
       return Err(ShErr::at(
@@ -313,7 +400,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     Ok(())
   }
   fn exec_subsh(&mut self, subsh: Node) -> ShResult<()> {
-		let _blame = subsh.get_span().clone();
+    let _blame = subsh.get_span().clone();
     let NdRule::Command { assignments, argv } = subsh.class else {
       unreachable!()
     };
@@ -374,7 +461,8 @@ impl Dispatcher {
 
     blame.rename(func_name.clone());
 
-    let argv = prepare_argv(argv).try_blame(blame.clone())?;
+    let mut argv = prepare_argv(argv).try_blame(blame.clone())?;
+    argv.insert(0, (func_name.clone(), blame.clone()));
     let result = if let Some(ref mut func_body) = read_logic(|l| l.get_func(&func_name)) {
       let _guard = scope_guard(Some(argv));
       func_body.body_mut().propagate_context(func_ctx);
@@ -412,7 +500,6 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     let fork_builtins = brc_grp.flags.contains(NdFlags::FORK_BUILTINS);
 
     self.io_stack.append_to_frame(brc_grp.redirs);
-    if self.interactive {}
     let guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
     let brc_grp_logic = |s: &mut Self| -> ShResult<()> {
       for node in body {
@@ -541,6 +628,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
             }
           }
         } else {
+          state::set_status(0);
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -677,9 +765,13 @@ impl Dispatcher {
         }
       }
 
-      if !matched && !else_block.is_empty() {
-        for node in else_block {
-          s.dispatch_node(node)?;
+      if !matched {
+        if !else_block.is_empty() {
+          for node in else_block {
+            s.dispatch_node(node)?;
+          }
+        } else {
+          state::set_status(0);
         }
       }
 
@@ -712,7 +804,18 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     if cmds.len() == 1 {
       self.fg_job = !is_bg && self.interactive;
       let cmd = cmds.into_iter().next().unwrap();
-      self.dispatch_node(cmd)?;
+      if is_bg && !matches!(cmd.class, NdRule::Command { .. }) {
+        self.run_fork(
+          &cmd.get_command().map(|t| t.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+          |s| {
+            if let Err(e) = s.dispatch_node(cmd) {
+              e.print_error();
+            }
+          },
+        )?;
+      } else {
+        self.dispatch_node(cmd)?;
+      }
 
       // Give the pipeline terminal control as soon as the first child
       // establishes the PGID, so later children (e.g. nvim) don't get
@@ -785,7 +888,10 @@ impl Dispatcher {
 
     if fork_builtins {
       log::trace!("Forking builtin: {}", cmd_raw);
-      let _guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+      let guard = self.io_stack.pop_frame().redirect()?;
+      if cmd_raw.as_str() == "exec" {
+        guard.persist();
+      }
       self.run_fork(&cmd_raw, |s| {
         if let Err(e) = s.dispatch_builtin(cmd) {
           e.print_error();
@@ -873,7 +979,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       "export" => export(cmd),
       "local" => local(cmd),
       "pwd" => pwd(cmd),
-      "source" => source(cmd),
+      "source" | "." => source(cmd),
       "shift" => shift(cmd),
       "fg" => continue_job(cmd, JobBehavior::Foregound),
       "bg" => continue_job(cmd, JobBehavior::Background),
@@ -885,7 +991,6 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       "break" => flowctl(cmd, ShErrKind::LoopBreak(0)),
       "continue" => flowctl(cmd, ShErrKind::LoopContinue(0)),
       "exit" => flowctl(cmd, ShErrKind::CleanExit(0)),
-      "zoltraak" => zoltraak(cmd),
       "shopt" => shopt(cmd),
       "read" => read_builtin(cmd),
       "trap" => trap(cmd),
@@ -909,6 +1014,9 @@ impl Dispatcher {
       "keymap" => keymap::keymap(cmd),
       "read_key" => read::read_key(cmd),
       "autocmd" => autocmd(cmd),
+      "ulimit" => ulimit(cmd),
+      "umask" => umask_builtin(cmd),
+      "seek" => seek(cmd),
       "true" | ":" => {
         state::set_status(0);
         Ok(())
@@ -946,7 +1054,6 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     }
 
     let no_fork = cmd.flags.contains(NdFlags::NO_FORK);
-
     if argv.is_empty() {
       return Ok(());
     }
@@ -959,36 +1066,34 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     let existing_pgid = job.pgid();
 
     let fg_job = self.fg_job;
+    let interactive = self.interactive;
     let child_logic = |pgid: Option<Pid>| -> ! {
-      // Put ourselves in the correct process group before exec.
-      // For the first child in a pipeline pgid is None, so we
-      // become our own group leader (setpgid(0,0)).  For later
-      // children we join the leader's group.
-      let our_pgid = pgid.unwrap_or(Pid::from_raw(0));
-      let _ = setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), our_pgid);
+      // For non-interactive exec-in-place (e.g. shed -c), skip process group
+      // and terminal setup — just transparently replace the current process.
+      if interactive || !no_fork {
+        // Put ourselves in the correct process group before exec.
+        // For the first child in a pipeline pgid is None, so we
+        // become our own group leader (setpgid(0,0)).  For later
+        // children we join the leader's group.
+        let our_pgid = pgid.unwrap_or(Pid::from_raw(0));
+        let _ = setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), our_pgid);
 
-      // For foreground jobs, take the terminal BEFORE resetting
-      // signals.  SIGTTOU is still SIG_IGN (inherited from the shell),
-      // so tcsetpgrp won't stop us.  This prevents a race
-      // where the child exec's and tries to read stdin before the
-      // parent has called tcsetpgrp — which would deliver SIGTTIN
-      // (now SIG_DFL after reset_signals) and stop the child.
-      if fg_job {
-        let tty_pgid = if our_pgid == Pid::from_raw(0) {
-          nix::unistd::getpid()
-        } else {
-          our_pgid
-        };
-        let _ = tcsetpgrp(
-          unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(*crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO) },
-          tty_pgid,
-        );
+        if fg_job {
+          let tty_pgid = if our_pgid == Pid::from_raw(0) {
+            nix::unistd::getpid()
+          } else {
+            our_pgid
+          };
+          let _ = tcsetpgrp(
+            unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(*crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO) },
+            tty_pgid,
+          );
+        }
       }
 
-      // Reset signal dispositions before exec.  SIG_IGN is preserved
-      // across execvpe, so the shell's ignored SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU would
-      // leak into child processes.
-      crate::signal::reset_signals();
+      if interactive || !no_fork {
+        crate::signal::reset_signals(fg_job);
+      }
 
       let cmd = &exec_args.cmd.0;
       let span = exec_args.cmd.1;
@@ -1049,6 +1154,7 @@ impl Dispatcher {
     match unsafe { fork()? } {
       ForkResult::Child => {
         let _ = setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), existing_pgid.unwrap_or(Pid::from_raw(0)));
+        self.interactive = false;
         f(self);
         exit(state::get_status())
       }
@@ -1160,3 +1266,202 @@ pub fn is_func(tk: Option<Tk>) -> bool {
 pub fn is_subsh(tk: Option<Tk>) -> bool {
   tk.is_some_and(|tk| tk.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_SUBSH))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use crate::state;
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, test_input};
+
+  // ===================== while/until status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_loop_status_zero_after_completion() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("while false; do :; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_loop_status_zero_after_iterations() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=0; while [[ $X -lt 3 ]]; do X=$((X+1)); done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn until_loop_status_zero_after_completion() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("until true; do :; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn until_loop_status_zero_after_iterations() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=3; until [[ $X -le 0 ]]; do X=$((X-1)); done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_break_preserves_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("while true; do break; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn while_body_status_propagates() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("X=0; while [[ $X -lt 1 ]]; do X=$((X+1)); false; done").unwrap();
+    // Loop body ended with `false` (status 1), but the loop itself
+    // completed normally when the condition failed, so status should be 0
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== if/elif/else status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_true_body_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if true; then echo ok; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_false_no_else_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if false; then echo ok; fi").unwrap();
+    // No branch taken, POSIX says status is 0
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn if_else_branch_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if false; then true; else false; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== for loop status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_empty_list_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for x in; do echo $x; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_body_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for x in a b c; do true; done").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== case status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn case_match_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("case foo in foo) true;; esac").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn case_no_match_status() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("case foo in bar) true;; esac").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== other stuff =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_var_zip() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for a b in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do echo $a $b; done").unwrap();
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "1 2\n3 4\n5 6\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn for_loop_unsets_zipped() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("for a b c d in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do echo $a $b $c $d; done").unwrap();
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "1 2 3 4\n5 6\n");
+  }
+
+  // ===================== negation (!) status =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn double_negate_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! ! true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn double_negate_false() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("! ! false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_pipeline_last_cmd() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // pipeline status = last cmd (false) = 1, negated → 0
+    test_input("! true | false").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_pipeline_last_cmd_true() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // pipeline status = last cmd (true) = 0, negated → 1
+    test_input("! false | true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_in_conjunction() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // ! binds to pipeline, not conjunction: (! (true && false)) && true
+    test_input("! (true && false) && true").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn negate_in_if_condition() {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    test_input("if ! false; then echo yes; fi").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(g.read_output(), "yes\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn empty_var_in_test() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // POSIX specifies that a quoted unset variable expands to an empty string, so the shell actually sees `[ -n "" ]`, which returns false
+    test_input("[ -n \"$EMPTYVAR_PROBABLY_NOT_SET_TO_ANYTHING\" ]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 1);
+    // Without quotes, word splitting causes an empty var to be removed entirely, so the shell actually sees `[ -n ]`, testing the value of ']', which returns true
+    test_input("[ -n $EMPTYVAR_PROBABLY_NOT_SET_TO_ANYTHING ]").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state::get_status(), 0);
+  }
+}

src/parse/lex.rs

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ use crate::{
   },
 };
 
-pub const KEYWORDS: [&str; 16] = [
+pub const KEYWORDS: [&str; 17] = [
   "if", "then", "elif", "else", "fi", "while", "until", "select", "for", "in", "do", "done",
-  "case", "esac", "[[", "]]",
+  "case", "esac", "[[", "]]", "!",
 ];
 
 pub const OPENERS: [&str; 6] = ["if", "while", "until", "for", "select", "case"];
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ pub enum TkRule {
   ErrPipe,
   And,
   Or,
+  Bang,
   Bg,
   Sep,
   Redir,
@@ -216,6 +217,31 @@ impl Tk {
     };
     self.span.as_str().trim() == ";;"
   }
+
+  pub fn is_opener(&self) -> bool {
+    OPENERS.contains(&self.as_str())
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart)
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::CasePattern)
+  }
+  pub fn is_closer(&self) -> bool {
+    matches!(self.as_str(), "fi" | "done" | "esac")
+      || self.has_double_semi()
+      || matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd)
+  }
+
+  pub fn is_closer_for(&self, other: &Tk) -> bool {
+    if (matches!(other.class, TkRule::BraceGrpStart) && matches!(self.class, TkRule::BraceGrpEnd))
+      || (matches!(other.class, TkRule::CasePattern) && self.has_double_semi())
+    {
+      return true;
+    }
+    match other.as_str() {
+      "for" | "while" | "until" => matches!(self.as_str(), "done"),
+      "if" => matches!(self.as_str(), "fi"),
+      "case" => matches!(self.as_str(), "esac"),
+      _ => false,
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 impl Display for Tk {
@@ -240,19 +266,12 @@ bitflags! {
     const ASSIGN       = 0b0000000001000000;
     const BUILTIN      = 0b0000000010000000;
     const IS_PROCSUB   = 0b0000000100000000;
+    const IS_HEREDOC   = 0b0000001000000000;
+    const LIT_HEREDOC  = 0b0000010000000000;
+    const TAB_HEREDOC  = 0b0000100000000000;
   }
 }
 
-pub struct LexStream {
-  source: Arc<String>,
-  pub cursor: usize,
-  pub name: String,
-  quote_state: QuoteState,
-  brc_grp_depth: usize,
-  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
-  flags: LexFlags,
-}
-
 bitflags! {
   #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
   pub struct LexFlags: u32 {
@@ -271,7 +290,6 @@ bitflags! {
     /// The lexer has no more tokens to produce
     const STALE          = 0b0001000000;
     const EXPECTING_IN   = 0b0010000000;
-    const IN_CASE        = 0b0100000000;
   }
 }
 
@@ -295,6 +313,18 @@ pub fn clean_input(input: &str) -> String {
   output
 }
 
+pub struct LexStream {
+  source: Arc<String>,
+  pub cursor: usize,
+  pub name: String,
+  quote_state: QuoteState,
+  brc_grp_depth: usize,
+  brc_grp_start: Option<usize>,
+  case_depth: usize,
+  heredoc_skip: Option<usize>,
+  flags: LexFlags,
+}
+
 impl LexStream {
   pub fn new(source: Arc<String>, flags: LexFlags) -> Self {
     let flags = flags | LexFlags::FRESH | LexFlags::NEXT_IS_CMD;
@@ -306,6 +336,8 @@ impl LexStream {
       quote_state: QuoteState::default(),
       brc_grp_depth: 0,
       brc_grp_start: None,
+      heredoc_skip: None,
+      case_depth: 0,
     }
   }
   /// Returns a slice of the source input using the given range
@@ -365,7 +397,7 @@ impl LexStream {
   }
   pub fn read_redir(&mut self) -> Option<ShResult<Tk>> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
-    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?;
+    let slice = self.slice(self.cursor..)?.to_string();
     let mut pos = self.cursor;
     let mut chars = slice.chars().peekable();
     let mut tk = Tk::default();
@@ -377,33 +409,47 @@ impl LexStream {
             return None; // It's a process sub
           }
           pos += 1;
+          if let Some('|') = chars.peek() {
+            // noclobber force '>|'
+            chars.next();
+            pos += 1;
+            tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+            break;
+          }
+
           if let Some('>') = chars.peek() {
             chars.next();
             pos += 1;
           }
-          if let Some('&') = chars.peek() {
-            chars.next();
-            pos += 1;
+          let Some('&') = chars.peek() else {
+            tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+            break;
+          };
 
-            let mut found_fd = false;
+          chars.next();
+          pos += 1;
+
+          let mut found_fd = false;
+          if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+            chars.next();
+            found_fd = true;
+            pos += 1;
+          } else {
             while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
               chars.next();
               found_fd = true;
               pos += 1;
             }
+          }
 
-            if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
-              let span_start = self.cursor;
-              self.cursor = pos;
-              return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
-                ShErrKind::ParseErr,
-                Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
-                "Invalid redirection",
-              )));
-            } else {
-              tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
-              break;
-            }
+          if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+            let span_start = self.cursor;
+            self.cursor = pos;
+            return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
+              ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+              Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+              "Invalid redirection",
+            )));
           } else {
             tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
             break;
@@ -415,14 +461,94 @@ impl LexStream {
           }
           pos += 1;
 
-          for _ in 0..2 {
-            if let Some('<') = chars.peek() {
+          match chars.peek() {
+            Some('<') => {
               chars.next();
               pos += 1;
-            } else {
+
+              match chars.peek() {
+                Some('<') => {
+                  chars.next();
+                  pos += 1;
+                }
+
+                Some(ch) => {
+                  let mut ch = *ch;
+                  while is_field_sep(ch) {
+                    let Some(next_ch) = chars.next() else {
+                      // Incomplete input — fall through to emit << as Redir
+                      break;
+                    };
+                    pos += next_ch.len_utf8();
+                    ch = next_ch;
+                  }
+
+                  if is_field_sep(ch) {
+                    // Ran out of input while skipping whitespace — fall through
+                  } else {
+                    let saved_cursor = self.cursor;
+                    match self.read_heredoc(pos) {
+                      Ok(Some(heredoc_tk)) => {
+                        // cursor is set to after the delimiter word;
+                        // heredoc_skip is set to after the body
+                        pos = self.cursor;
+                        self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+                        tk = heredoc_tk;
+                        break;
+                      }
+                      Ok(None) => {
+                        // Incomplete heredoc — restore cursor and fall through
+                        self.cursor = saved_cursor;
+                      }
+                      Err(e) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                  // No delimiter yet — input is incomplete
+                  // Fall through to emit the << as a Redir token
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            Some('>') => {
+              chars.next();
+              pos += 1;
+              tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
               break;
             }
+            Some('&') => {
+              chars.next();
+              pos += 1;
+
+              let mut found_fd = false;
+              if chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| *ch == '-') {
+                chars.next();
+                found_fd = true;
+                pos += 1;
+              } else {
+                while chars.peek().is_some_and(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
+                  chars.next();
+                  found_fd = true;
+                  pos += 1;
+                }
+              }
+
+              if !found_fd && !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+                let span_start = self.cursor;
+                self.cursor = pos;
+                return Some(Err(ShErr::at(
+                  ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+                  Span::new(span_start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+                  "Invalid redirection",
+                )));
+              } else {
+                tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            _ => {}
           }
+
           tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Redir);
           break;
         }
@@ -446,6 +572,133 @@ impl LexStream {
     self.cursor = pos;
     Some(Ok(tk))
   }
+  pub fn read_heredoc(&mut self, mut pos: usize) -> ShResult<Option<Tk>> {
+    let slice = self.slice(pos..).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+    let mut chars = slice.chars();
+    let mut delim = String::new();
+    let mut flags = TkFlags::empty();
+    let mut first_char = true;
+    // Parse the delimiter word, stripping quotes
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+      match ch {
+        '-' if first_char => {
+          pos += 1;
+          flags |= TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        '\"' => {
+          pos += 1;
+          self.quote_state.toggle_double();
+          flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        '\'' => {
+          pos += 1;
+          self.quote_state.toggle_single();
+          flags |= TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC;
+        }
+        _ if self.quote_state.in_quote() => {
+          pos += ch.len_utf8();
+          delim.push(ch);
+        }
+        ch if is_hard_sep(ch) => {
+          break;
+        }
+        ch => {
+          pos += ch.len_utf8();
+          delim.push(ch);
+        }
+      }
+      first_char = false;
+    }
+
+    // pos is now right after the delimiter word — this is where
+    // the cursor should return so the rest of the line gets lexed
+    let cursor_after_delim = pos;
+
+    // Re-slice from cursor_after_delim so iterator and pos are in sync
+    // (the old chars iterator consumed the hard_sep without advancing pos)
+    let rest = self
+      .slice(cursor_after_delim..)
+      .unwrap_or_default()
+      .to_string();
+    let mut chars = rest.chars();
+
+    // Scan forward to the newline (or use heredoc_skip from a previous heredoc)
+    let body_start = if let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip {
+      // A previous heredoc on this line already read its body;
+      // our body starts where that one ended
+      let skip_offset = skip - cursor_after_delim;
+      for _ in 0..skip_offset {
+        chars.next();
+      }
+      skip
+    } else {
+      // Skip the rest of the current line to find where the body begins
+      let mut scan = pos;
+      let mut found_newline = false;
+      while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+        scan += ch.len_utf8();
+        if ch == '\n' {
+          found_newline = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if !found_newline {
+        if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+          return Ok(None);
+        } else {
+          return Err(ShErr::at(
+            ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+            Span::new(pos..pos, self.source.clone()),
+            "Heredoc delimiter not found",
+          ));
+        }
+      }
+      scan
+    };
+
+    pos = body_start;
+    let start = pos;
+
+    // Read lines until we find one that matches the delimiter exactly
+    let mut line = String::new();
+    let mut line_start = pos;
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+      pos += ch.len_utf8();
+      if ch == '\n' {
+        let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+        if trimmed == delim {
+          let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+          tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+          self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+          self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+          return Ok(Some(tk));
+        }
+        line.clear();
+        line_start = pos;
+      } else {
+        line.push(ch);
+      }
+    }
+    // Check the last line (no trailing newline)
+    let trimmed = line.trim_end_matches('\r');
+    if trimmed == delim {
+      let mut tk = self.get_token(start..line_start, TkRule::Redir);
+      tk.flags |= TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC | flags;
+      self.heredoc_skip = Some(pos);
+      self.cursor = cursor_after_delim;
+      return Ok(Some(tk));
+    }
+
+    if !self.flags.contains(LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED) {
+      Err(ShErr::at(
+        ShErrKind::ParseErr,
+        Span::new(start..pos, self.source.clone()),
+        format!("Heredoc delimiter '{}' not found", delim),
+      ))
+    } else {
+      Ok(None)
+    }
+  }
   pub fn read_string(&mut self) -> ShResult<Tk> {
     assert!(self.cursor <= self.source.len());
     let slice = self.slice_from_cursor().unwrap().to_string();
@@ -453,7 +706,7 @@ impl LexStream {
     let mut chars = slice.chars().peekable();
     let can_be_subshell = chars.peek() == Some(&'(');
 
-    if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::IN_CASE)
+    if self.case_depth > 0
       && let Some(count) = case_pat_lookahead(chars.clone())
     {
       pos += count;
@@ -623,6 +876,16 @@ impl LexStream {
             ));
           }
         }
+        '(' if can_be_subshell && chars.peek() == Some(&')') => {
+          // standalone "()" — function definition marker
+          pos += 2;
+          chars.next();
+          let mut tk = self.get_token(self.cursor..pos, TkRule::Str);
+          tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
+          self.cursor = pos;
+          self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
+          return Ok(tk);
+        }
         '(' if self.next_is_cmd() && can_be_subshell => {
           pos += 1;
           let mut paren_count = 1;
@@ -731,7 +994,7 @@ impl LexStream {
         "case" | "select" | "for" => {
           new_tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
           self.flags |= LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN;
-          self.flags |= LexFlags::IN_CASE;
+          self.case_depth += 1;
           self.set_next_is_cmd(false);
         }
         "in" if self.flags.contains(LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN) => {
@@ -739,8 +1002,8 @@ impl LexStream {
           self.flags &= !LexFlags::EXPECTING_IN;
         }
         _ if is_keyword(text) => {
-          if text == "esac" && self.flags.contains(LexFlags::IN_CASE) {
-            self.flags &= !LexFlags::IN_CASE;
+          if text == "esac" && self.case_depth > 0 {
+            self.case_depth -= 1;
           }
           new_tk.mark(TkFlags::KEYWORD);
         }
@@ -843,10 +1106,19 @@ impl Iterator for LexStream {
 
     let token = match get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap() {
       '\r' | '\n' | ';' => {
+        let ch = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor).unwrap();
         let ch_idx = self.cursor;
         self.cursor += 1;
         self.set_next_is_cmd(true);
 
+        // If a heredoc was parsed on this line, skip past the body
+        // Only on newline — ';' is a command separator within the same line
+        if (ch == '\n' || ch == '\r')
+          && let Some(skip) = self.heredoc_skip.take()
+        {
+          self.cursor = skip;
+        }
+
         while let Some(ch) = get_char(&self.source, self.cursor) {
           match ch {
             '\\' if get_char(&self.source, self.cursor + 1) == Some('\n') => {
@@ -881,6 +1153,14 @@ impl Iterator for LexStream {
           return self.next();
         }
       }
+      '!' if self.next_is_cmd() => {
+        self.cursor += 1;
+        let tk_type = TkRule::Bang;
+
+        let mut tk = self.get_token((self.cursor - 1)..self.cursor, tk_type);
+        tk.flags |= TkFlags::KEYWORD;
+        tk
+      }
       '|' => {
         let ch_idx = self.cursor;
         self.cursor += 1;

src/prelude.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd,
 pub use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub use nix::{
   errno::Errno,
-  fcntl::{OFlag, open},
+  fcntl::{FcntlArg, OFlag, fcntl, open},
   libc::{self, STDERR_FILENO, STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO},
   sys::{
     signal::{self, SigHandler, SigSet, SigmaskHow, Signal, kill, killpg, pthread_sigmask, signal},
@@ -33,7 +33,4 @@ pub use nix::{
   },
 };
 
-pub use crate::flog;
-pub use crate::libsh::flog::ShedLogLevel::*;
-
 // Additional utilities, if needed, can be added here

src/procio.rs

@@ -8,15 +8,27 @@ use crate::{
   expand::Expander,
   libsh::{
     error::{ShErr, ShErrKind, ShResult},
+    sys::TTY_FILENO,
     utils::RedirVecUtils,
   },
-  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file},
+  parse::{Redir, RedirType, get_redir_file, lex::TkFlags},
   prelude::*,
+  state,
 };
 
 // Credit to fish-shell for many of the implementation ideas present in this
 // module https://fishshell.com/
 
+/// Minimum fd number for shell-internal file descriptors.
+/// User-visible fds (0-9) are kept clear so `exec 3>&-` etc. work as expected.
+const MIN_INTERNAL_FD: RawFd = 10;
+
+/// Like `dup()`, but places the new fd at `MIN_INTERNAL_FD` or above so it
+/// doesn't collide with user-managed fds.
+fn dup_high(fd: RawFd) -> nix::Result<RawFd> {
+  fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD))
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub enum IoMode {
   Fd {
@@ -37,8 +49,9 @@ pub enum IoMode {
     pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
   },
   Buffer {
+    tgt_fd: RawFd,
     buf: String,
-    pipe: Arc<OwnedFd>,
+    flags: TkFlags, // so we can see if its a heredoc or not
   },
   Close {
     tgt_fd: RawFd,
@@ -79,19 +92,29 @@ impl IoMode {
     if let IoMode::File { tgt_fd, path, mode } = self {
       let path_raw = path.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap_or_default().to_string();
 
-      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw)?.expand()?.join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of
-      // multiple
+      let expanded_path = Expander::from_raw(&path_raw, TkFlags::empty())?
+        .expand()?
+        .join(" "); // should just be one string, will have to find some way to handle a return of multiple paths
 
       let expanded_pathbuf = PathBuf::from(expanded_path);
 
       let file = get_redir_file(mode, expanded_pathbuf)?;
+      // Move the opened fd above the user-accessible range so it never
+      // collides with the target fd (e.g. `3>/tmp/foo` where open() returns 3,
+      // causing dup2(3,3) to be a no-op and then OwnedFd drop closes it).
+      let raw = file.as_raw_fd();
+      let high = fcntl(raw, FcntlArg::F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC(MIN_INTERNAL_FD)).map_err(ShErr::from)?;
+      drop(file); // closes the original low fd
       self = IoMode::OpenedFile {
         tgt_fd,
-        file: Arc::new(OwnedFd::from(file)),
+        file: Arc::new(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(high) }),
       }
     }
     Ok(self)
   }
+  pub fn buffer(tgt_fd: RawFd, buf: String, flags: TkFlags) -> ShResult<Self> {
+    Ok(Self::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags })
+  }
   pub fn get_pipes() -> (Self, Self) {
     let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe2(OFlag::O_CLOEXEC).unwrap();
     (
@@ -206,24 +229,107 @@ impl<'e> IoFrame {
     )
   }
   pub fn save(&'e mut self) {
-    let saved_in = dup(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_out = dup(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
-    let saved_err = dup(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_in = dup_high(STDIN_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_out = dup_high(STDOUT_FILENO).unwrap();
+    let saved_err = dup_high(STDERR_FILENO).unwrap();
     self.saved_io = Some(IoGroup(saved_in, saved_out, saved_err));
   }
   pub fn redirect(mut self) -> ShResult<RedirGuard> {
     self.save();
-    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
-      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
-      if let IoMode::File { .. } = io_mode {
-        *io_mode = io_mode.clone().open_file()?;
-      };
-      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
-      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
-      dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd)?;
+    if let Err(e) = self.apply_redirs() {
+      // Restore saved fds before propagating the error so they don't leak.
+      self.restore().ok();
+      return Err(e);
     }
     Ok(RedirGuard::new(self))
   }
+  fn apply_redirs(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
+    for redir in &mut self.redirs {
+      let io_mode = &mut redir.io_mode;
+      match io_mode {
+        IoMode::Close { tgt_fd } => {
+          if *tgt_fd == *TTY_FILENO {
+            // Don't let user close the shell's tty fd.
+            continue;
+          }
+          close(*tgt_fd).ok();
+          continue;
+        }
+        IoMode::File { .. } => match io_mode.clone().open_file() {
+          Ok(file) => *io_mode = file,
+          Err(e) => {
+            if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+              return Err(e.promote(span.clone()));
+            }
+            return Err(e);
+          }
+        },
+        IoMode::Buffer { tgt_fd, buf, flags } => {
+          let (rpipe, wpipe) = nix::unistd::pipe()?;
+          let mut text = if flags.contains(TkFlags::LIT_HEREDOC) {
+            buf.clone()
+          } else {
+            let words = Expander::from_raw(buf, *flags)?.expand()?;
+            if flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+              words.into_iter().next().unwrap_or_default()
+            } else {
+              let ifs = state::get_separator();
+              words.join(&ifs).trim().to_string() + "\n"
+            }
+          };
+          if flags.contains(TkFlags::TAB_HEREDOC) {
+            let lines = text.lines();
+            let mut min_tabs = usize::MAX;
+            for line in lines {
+              if line.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+              }
+              let line_len = line.len();
+              let after_strip = line.trim_start_matches('\t').len();
+              let delta = line_len - after_strip;
+              min_tabs = min_tabs.min(delta);
+            }
+            if min_tabs == usize::MAX {
+              // let's avoid possibly allocating a string with 18 quintillion tabs
+              min_tabs = 0;
+            }
+
+            if min_tabs > 0 {
+              let stripped = text
+                .lines()
+                .fold(vec![], |mut acc, ln| {
+                  if ln.is_empty() {
+                    acc.push("");
+                    return acc;
+                  }
+                  let stripped_ln = ln.strip_prefix(&"\t".repeat(min_tabs)).unwrap();
+                  acc.push(stripped_ln);
+                  acc
+                })
+                .join("\n");
+              text = stripped + "\n";
+            }
+          }
+          write(wpipe, text.as_bytes())?;
+          *io_mode = IoMode::Pipe {
+            tgt_fd: *tgt_fd,
+            pipe: rpipe.into(),
+          };
+        }
+        _ => {}
+      }
+      let tgt_fd = io_mode.tgt_fd();
+      let src_fd = io_mode.src_fd();
+      if let Err(e) = dup2(src_fd, tgt_fd) {
+        if let Some(span) = redir.span.as_ref() {
+          return Err(ShErr::from(e).promote(span.clone()));
+        } else {
+          return Err(e.into());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
   pub fn restore(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
     if let Some(saved) = self.saved_io.take() {
       dup2(saved.0, STDIN_FILENO)?;
@@ -333,6 +439,9 @@ pub fn borrow_fd<'f>(fd: i32) -> BorrowedFd<'f> {
   unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(fd) }
 }
 
+type PipeFrames = Map<PipeGenerator, fn((Option<Redir>, Option<Redir>)) -> IoFrame>;
+
+/// An iterator that lazily creates a specific number of pipes.
 pub struct PipeGenerator {
   num_cmds: usize,
   cursor: usize,
@@ -347,7 +456,7 @@ impl PipeGenerator {
       last_rpipe: None,
     }
   }
-  pub fn as_io_frames(self) -> Map<Self, fn((Option<Redir>, Option<Redir>)) -> IoFrame> {
+  pub fn as_io_frames(self) -> PipeFrames {
     self.map(|(r, w)| {
       let mut frame = IoFrame::new();
       if let Some(r) = r {
@@ -385,3 +494,169 @@ impl Iterator for PipeGenerator {
     Some((rpipe, Some(wpipe)))
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests {
+  use crate::testutil::{TestGuard, has_cmd, has_cmds, test_input};
+  use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pipeline_simple() {
+    if !has_cmd("sed") {
+      return;
+    };
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("echo foo | sed 's/foo/bar/'").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "bar\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pipeline_multi() {
+    if !has_cmds(&["cut", "sed"]) {
+      return;
+    }
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("echo foo bar baz | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | sed 's/a/A/'").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "bAr\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn rube_goldberg_pipeline() {
+    if !has_cmds(&["sed", "cat"]) {
+      return;
+    }
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("{ echo foo; echo bar } | if cat; then :; else echo failed; fi | (read line && echo $line | sed 's/foo/baz/'; sed 's/bar/buzz/')").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "baz\nbuzz\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn simple_file_redir() {
+    let mut g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("echo this is in a file > /tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").unwrap();
+
+    g.add_cleanup(|| {
+      std::fs::remove_file("/tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").ok();
+    });
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string("/tmp/simple_file_redir.txt").unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(contents, "this is in a file\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn append_file_redir() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("append.txt");
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("echo first > {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("echo second >> {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "first\nsecond\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn input_redir() {
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("input.txt");
+    std::fs::write(&path, "hello from file\n").unwrap();
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("cat < {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "hello from file\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn stderr_redir_to_file() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("err.txt");
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("echo error msg 2> {} >&2", path.display())).unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "error msg\n");
+    // stdout should be empty since we redirected to stderr
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pipe_and_stderr() {
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("echo on stderr >&2 |& cat").unwrap();
+
+    let out = g.read_output();
+    assert_eq!(out, "on stderr\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn output_redir_clobber() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("clobber.txt");
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input(format!("echo first > {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+    test_input(format!("echo second > {}", path.display())).unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(contents, "second\n");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn pipeline_preserves_exit_status() {
+    if !has_cmd("cat") {
+      return;
+    }
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    test_input("false | cat").unwrap();
+
+    // Pipeline exit status is the last command
+    let status = crate::state::get_status();
+    assert_eq!(status, 0);
+
+    test_input("cat < /dev/null | false").unwrap();
+
+    let status = crate::state::get_status();
+    assert_ne!(status, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fd_duplication() {
+    let dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let path = dir.path().join("dup.txt");
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+
+    // Redirect stdout to file, then dup stderr to stdout — both should go to file
+    test_input(format!(
+      "{{ echo out; echo err >&2 }} > {} 2>&1",
+      path.display()
+    ))
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap();
+    assert!(contents.contains("out"));
+    assert!(contents.contains("err"));
+  }
+}

src/readline/complete.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use nix::sys::signal::Signal;
+use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 
 use crate::{
   builtin::complete::{CompFlags, CompOptFlags, CompOpts},
+  expand::escape_str,
   libsh::{error::ShResult, guards::var_ctx_guard, sys::TTY_FILENO, utils::TkVecUtils},
   parse::{
     execute::exec_input,
@@ -22,7 +24,9 @@ use crate::{
     term::{LineWriter, TermWriter, calc_str_width, get_win_size},
     vimode::{ViInsert, ViMode},
   },
-  state::{VarFlags, VarKind, read_jobs, read_logic, read_meta, read_vars, write_vars},
+  state::{
+    VarFlags, VarKind, read_jobs, read_logic, read_meta, read_shopts, read_vars, write_vars,
+  },
 };
 
 pub fn complete_signals(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -101,6 +105,21 @@ pub fn complete_vars(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
   })
 }
 
+pub fn complete_vars_raw(raw: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+  if !read_vars(|v| v.get_var(raw)).is_empty() {
+    return vec![];
+  }
+  // if we are here, we have a variable substitution that isn't complete
+  // so let's try to complete it
+  read_vars(|v| {
+    v.flatten_vars()
+      .keys()
+      .filter(|k| k.starts_with(raw) && *k != raw)
+      .map(|k| k.to_string())
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+  })
+}
+
 pub fn extract_var_name(text: &str) -> Option<(String, usize, usize)> {
   let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
   let mut name = String::new();
@@ -158,6 +177,11 @@ fn complete_commands(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
       .collect()
   });
 
+  if read_shopts(|o| o.core.autocd) {
+    let dirs = complete_dirs(start);
+    candidates.extend(dirs);
+  }
+
   candidates.sort();
   candidates
 }
@@ -211,7 +235,7 @@ fn complete_filename(start: &str) -> Vec<String> {
       let mut full_path = dir.join(&file_name);
 
       // Add trailing slash for directories
-      if entry.file_type().map(|ft| ft.is_dir()).unwrap_or(false) {
+      if entry.metadata().map(|m| m.is_dir()).unwrap_or(false) {
         full_path.push(""); // adds trailing /
       }
 
@@ -422,7 +446,7 @@ impl CompSpec for BashCompSpec {
       candidates.extend(complete_commands(&expanded));
     }
     if self.vars {
-      candidates.extend(complete_vars(&expanded));
+      candidates.extend(complete_vars_raw(&expanded));
     }
     if self.users {
       candidates.extend(complete_users(&expanded));
@@ -544,9 +568,17 @@ pub trait Completer {
   fn reset(&mut self);
   fn reset_stay_active(&mut self);
   fn is_active(&self) -> bool;
+  fn all_candidates(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    vec![]
+  }
   fn selected_candidate(&self) -> Option<String>;
   fn token_span(&self) -> (usize, usize);
   fn original_input(&self) -> &str;
+  fn token(&self) -> &str {
+    let orig = self.original_input();
+    let (s, e) = self.token_span();
+    orig.get(s..e).unwrap_or(orig)
+  }
   fn draw(&mut self, writer: &mut TermWriter) -> ShResult<()>;
   fn clear(&mut self, _writer: &mut TermWriter) -> ShResult<()> {
     Ok(())
@@ -558,8 +590,8 @@ pub trait Completer {
 
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ScoredCandidate {
-  content: String,
-  score: Option<i32>,
+  pub content: String,
+  pub score: Option<i32>,
 }
 
 impl ScoredCandidate {
@@ -766,6 +798,22 @@ impl FuzzySelector {
     }
   }
 
+  pub fn candidates(&self) -> &[String] {
+    &self.candidates
+  }
+
+  pub fn filtered(&self) -> &[ScoredCandidate] {
+    &self.filtered
+  }
+
+  pub fn filtered_len(&self) -> usize {
+    self.filtered.len()
+  }
+
+  pub fn candidates_len(&self) -> usize {
+    self.candidates.len()
+  }
+
   pub fn activate(&mut self, candidates: Vec<String>) {
     self.active = true;
     self.candidates = candidates;
@@ -1119,6 +1167,9 @@ impl Default for FuzzyCompleter {
 }
 
 impl Completer for FuzzyCompleter {
+  fn all_candidates(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    self.selector.candidates.clone()
+  }
   fn set_prompt_line_context(&mut self, line_width: u16, cursor_col: u16) {
     self
       .selector
@@ -1131,13 +1182,19 @@ impl Completer for FuzzyCompleter {
     log::debug!("Getting completed line for candidate: {}", _candidate);
 
     let selected = self.selector.selected_candidate().unwrap_or_default();
-    log::debug!("Selected candidate: {}", selected);
-    let (start, end) = self.completer.token_span;
-    log::debug!("Token span: ({}, {})", start, end);
+    let (mut start, end) = self.completer.token_span;
+    let slice = self
+      .completer
+      .original_input
+      .get(start..end)
+      .unwrap_or_default();
+    start += slice.width();
+    let completion = selected.strip_prefix(slice).unwrap_or(&selected);
+    let escaped = escape_str(completion, false);
     let ret = format!(
       "{}{}{}",
       &self.completer.original_input[..start],
-      selected,
+      escaped,
       &self.completer.original_input[end..]
     );
     log::debug!("Completed line: {}", ret);
@@ -1209,6 +1266,9 @@ pub struct SimpleCompleter {
 }
 
 impl Completer for SimpleCompleter {
+  fn all_candidates(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+    self.candidates.clone()
+  }
   fn reset_stay_active(&mut self) {
     let active = self.is_active();
     self.reset();
@@ -1387,11 +1447,15 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
     }
 
     let selected = &self.candidates[self.selected_idx];
-    let (start, end) = self.token_span;
+    let (mut start, end) = self.token_span;
+    let slice = self.original_input.get(start..end).unwrap_or("");
+    start += slice.width();
+    let completion = selected.strip_prefix(slice).unwrap_or(selected);
+    let escaped = escape_str(completion, false);
     format!(
       "{}{}{}",
       &self.original_input[..start],
-      selected,
+      escaped,
       &self.original_input[end..]
     )
   }
@@ -1550,10 +1614,12 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
         .set_range(self.token_span.0..self.token_span.1);
     }
 
-    // If token contains '=', only complete after the '='
+    // If token contains any COMP_WORDBREAKS, break the word
     let token_str = cur_token.span.as_str();
-    if let Some(eq_pos) = token_str.rfind('=') {
-      self.token_span.0 = cur_token.span.range().start + eq_pos + 1;
+
+    let word_breaks = read_vars(|v| v.try_get_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS")).unwrap_or("=".into());
+    if let Some(break_pos) = token_str.rfind(|c: char| word_breaks.contains(c)) {
+      self.token_span.0 = cur_token.span.range().start + break_pos + 1;
       cur_token
         .span
         .set_range(self.token_span.0..self.token_span.1);
@@ -1599,3 +1665,462 @@ impl SimpleCompleter {
     Ok(CompResult::from_candidates(candidates))
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::{
+    readline::{Prompt, ShedVi},
+    state::{VarFlags, VarKind, write_vars},
+    testutil::TestGuard,
+  };
+  use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+
+  fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
+    let g = TestGuard::new();
+    let prompt = Prompt::default();
+    let vi = ShedVi::new_no_hist(prompt, g.pty_slave().as_raw_fd())
+      .unwrap()
+      .with_initial(initial);
+    (vi, g)
+  }
+
+  // ===================== extract_var_name =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_simple() {
+    let (name, start, end) = extract_var_name("$HOME").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "HOME");
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+    assert_eq!(end, 5);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_braced() {
+    let (name, start, end) = extract_var_name("${PATH}").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "PATH");
+    // '$' hits continue (no pos++), '{' is at pos=0, so name_start = 1
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+    assert_eq!(end, 5);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_partial() {
+    let (name, start, _end) = extract_var_name("$HO").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(name, "HO");
+    assert_eq!(start, 1);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn extract_var_none() {
+    assert!(extract_var_name("hello").is_none());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== ScoredCandidate::fuzzy_score =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_exact_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("hello".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("hello");
+    assert!(score > 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_prefix_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("hello_world".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("hello");
+    assert!(score > 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_no_match() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("abc".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("xyz");
+    assert_eq!(score, i32::MIN);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_empty_query() {
+    let mut c = ScoredCandidate::new("anything".into());
+    let score = c.fuzzy_score("");
+    assert_eq!(score, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn fuzzy_boundary_bonus() {
+    let mut a = ScoredCandidate::new("foo_bar".into());
+    let mut b = ScoredCandidate::new("fxxxbxr".into());
+    let score_a = a.fuzzy_score("fbr");
+    let score_b = b.fuzzy_score("fbr");
+    // word-boundary match should score higher
+    assert!(score_a > score_b);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== CompResult::from_candidates =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_no_match() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec![]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::NoMatch));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_single() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec!["foo".into()]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::Single { .. }));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn comp_result_many() {
+    let result = CompResult::from_candidates(vec!["foo".into(), "bar".into()]);
+    assert!(matches!(result, CompResult::Many { .. }));
+  }
+
+  // ===================== complete_signals =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_int() {
+    let results = complete_signals("INT");
+    assert!(results.contains(&"INT".to_string()));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_empty() {
+    let results = complete_signals("");
+    assert!(!results.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn complete_signals_no_match() {
+    let results = complete_signals("ZZZZZZZ");
+    assert!(results.is_empty());
+  }
+
+  // ===================== COMP_WORDBREAKS =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_equals_default() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+
+    let line = "cmd --foo=bar".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let eq_idx = line.find('=').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      eq_idx + 1,
+      "token_span.0 ({}) should be right after '=' ({})",
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      eq_idx
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_colon_when_set() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS", VarKind::Str("=:".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
+
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+    let line = "scp host:foo".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let colon_idx = line.find(':').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx + 1,
+      "token_span.0 ({}) should be right after ':' ({})",
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn wordbreak_rightmost_wins() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    write_vars(|v| v.set_var("COMP_WORDBREAKS", VarKind::Str("=:".into()), VarFlags::NONE))
+      .unwrap();
+
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter::new();
+    let line = "cmd --opt=host:val".to_string();
+    let cursor = line.len();
+    let _ = comp.get_candidates(line.clone(), cursor);
+
+    let colon_idx = line.rfind(':').unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+      comp.token_span.0,
+      colon_idx + 1,
+      "should break at rightmost wordbreak char"
+    );
+  }
+
+  // ===================== SimpleCompleter cycling =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cycle_wraps_forward() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["aaa".into(), "bbb".into(), "ccc".into()],
+      selected_idx: 2,
+      original_input: "".into(),
+      token_span: (0, 0),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    comp.cycle_completion(1);
+    assert_eq!(comp.selected_idx, 0);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn cycle_wraps_backward() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    let mut comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["aaa".into(), "bbb".into(), "ccc".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "".into(),
+      token_span: (0, 0),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    comp.cycle_completion(-1);
+    assert_eq!(comp.selected_idx, 2);
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Completion escaping =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_special_chars() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("hello world", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_multiple_specials() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("a&b|c", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "a\\&b\\|c");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_no_specials() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let escaped = escape_str("hello", false);
+    assert_eq!(escaped, "hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_all_shell_metacharacters() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    for ch in [
+      '\'', '"', '\\', '|', '&', ';', '(', ')', '<', '>', '$', '*', '!', '`', '{', '?', '[', '#',
+      ' ', '\t', '\n',
+    ] {
+      let input = format!("a{ch}b");
+      let escaped = escape_str(&input, false);
+      let expected = format!("a\\{ch}b");
+      assert_eq!(escaped, expected, "failed to escape {:?}", ch);
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn escape_str_kitchen_sink() {
+    use crate::expand::escape_str;
+    let input = "f$le (with) 'spaces' & {braces} | pipes; #hash ~tilde `backtick` !bang";
+    let escaped = escape_str(input, false);
+    assert_eq!(
+      escaped,
+      "f\\$le\\ \\(with\\)\\ \\'spaces\\'\\ \\&\\ \\{braces}\\ \\|\\ pipes\\;\\ \\#hash\\ ~tilde\\ \\`backtick\\`\\ \\!bang"
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_only_escapes_new_text() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // Simulate: user typed "echo hel", completion candidate is "hello world"
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hel".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 8), // "hel" spans bytes 5..8
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    // "hel" is the user's text (not escaped), "lo world" is new (escaped)
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_no_new_text() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed the full token, nothing new to escape
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hello".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 10),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_appends_suffix_with_escape() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed "echo hel", candidate is "hello world" (from filesystem)
+    // strip_prefix("hel") => "lo world", which gets escaped
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hel".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 8),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn completed_line_suffix_only_escapes_new_part() {
+    let _g = TestGuard::new();
+    // User typed "echo hello", candidate is "hello world&done"
+    // strip_prefix("hello") => " world&done", only that gets escaped
+    let comp = SimpleCompleter {
+      candidates: vec!["hello world&done".into()],
+      selected_idx: 0,
+      original_input: "echo hello".into(),
+      token_span: (5, 10),
+      active: true,
+      dirs_only: false,
+      add_space: false,
+    };
+    let result = comp.get_completed_line();
+    // "hello" is preserved as-is, " world&done" gets escaped
+    assert_eq!(result, "echo hello\\ world\\&done");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_escapes_special_in_filename() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_esc");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("hello world.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo hello\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("hello\\ world.txt"),
+      "expected escaped space in completion: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_does_not_escape_user_text() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_noesc");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("my file.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    // User types "echo my\ " with the space already escaped
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo my\\ \t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    // The user's "my\ " should be preserved, not double-escaped to "my\\\ "
+    assert!(
+      !line.contains("my\\\\ "),
+      "user text should not be double-escaped: {line:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("my\\ file.txt"),
+      "expected completion with preserved user escape: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  // ===================== Integration tests (pty) =====================
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_completes_filename() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_fn");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("unique_shed_test_file.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    // Type "echo unique_shed_test" then press Tab
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"echo unique_shed_test\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("unique_shed_test_file.txt"),
+      "expected completion in line: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_completes_directory_with_slash() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_dir");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(tmp.join("mysubdir"));
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"cd mysub\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("mysubdir/"),
+      "expected dir completion with trailing slash: {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn tab_after_equals() {
+    let tmp = std::env::temp_dir().join("shed_test_tab_eq");
+    let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&tmp);
+    std::fs::write(tmp.join("eqfile.txt"), "").unwrap();
+
+    let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+    std::env::set_current_dir(&tmp).unwrap();
+
+    vi.feed_bytes(b"cmd --opt=eqf\t");
+    let _ = vi.process_input();
+
+    let line = vi.editor.as_str().to_string();
+    assert!(
+      line.contains("--opt=eqfile.txt"),
+      "expected completion after '=': {line:?}"
+    );
+
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&tmp).ok();
+  }
+}

src/readline/highlight.rs

@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
     while prefix_chars.peek().is_some() {
       match chars.next() {
         Some(c) if c == markers::VISUAL_MODE_START || c == markers::VISUAL_MODE_END => continue,
-        Some(c) if Some(&c) == prefix_chars.peek() => { prefix_chars.next(); }
+        Some(c) if Some(&c) == prefix_chars.peek() => {
+          prefix_chars.next();
+        }
         _ => return text.to_string(), // mismatch, return original
       }
     }
@@ -104,7 +106,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
     let mut si = suffix_chars.len();
 
     while si > 0 {
-      if ti == 0 { return text.to_string(); }
+      if ti == 0 {
+        return text.to_string();
+      }
       ti -= 1;
       if chars[ti] == markers::VISUAL_MODE_START || chars[ti] == markers::VISUAL_MODE_END {
         continue; // skip visual markers
@@ -346,7 +350,9 @@ impl Highlighter {
           recursive_highlighter.highlight();
           // Read back visual state — selection may have started/ended inside
           self.in_selection = recursive_highlighter.in_selection;
-          self.style_stack.append(&mut recursive_highlighter.style_stack);
+          self
+            .style_stack
+            .append(&mut recursive_highlighter.style_stack);
           if selection_at_entry {
             self.emit_style(Style::BgWhite | Style::Black);
             self.output.push_str(prefix);

src/readline/history.rs

@@ -217,18 +217,36 @@ pub struct History {
 }
 
 impl History {
+  pub fn empty() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      path: PathBuf::new(),
+      pending: None,
+      entries: Vec::new(),
+      search_mask: Vec::new(),
+      fuzzy_finder: FuzzySelector::new("History").number_candidates(true),
+      no_matches: false,
+      cursor: 0,
+      //search_direction: Direction::Backward,
+      ignore_dups: false,
+      max_size: None,
+    }
+  }
   pub fn new() -> ShResult<Self> {
     let ignore_dups = crate::state::read_shopts(|s| s.core.hist_ignore_dupes);
     let max_hist = crate::state::read_shopts(|s| s.core.max_hist);
+
     let path = PathBuf::from(env::var("SHEDHIST").unwrap_or({
       let home = env::var("HOME").unwrap();
       format!("{home}/.shed_history")
     }));
+
     let mut entries = read_hist_file(&path)?;
+
     // Enforce max_hist limit on loaded entries (negative = unlimited)
     if max_hist >= 0 && entries.len() > max_hist as usize {
       entries = entries.split_off(entries.len() - max_hist as usize);
     }
+
     let search_mask = dedupe_entries(&entries);
     let cursor = search_mask.len();
     let max_size = if max_hist < 0 {
@@ -236,6 +254,7 @@ impl History {
     } else {
       Some(max_hist as u32)
     };
+
     Ok(Self {
       path,
       entries,
@@ -466,3 +485,111 @@ impl History {
     Ok(())
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+  use crate::{state, testutil::TestGuard};
+  use scopeguard::guard;
+  use std::{env, fs, path::Path};
+  use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+  fn with_env_var(key: &str, val: &str) -> impl Drop {
+    let prev = env::var(key).ok();
+    unsafe {
+      env::set_var(key, val);
+    }
+    guard(prev, move |p| match p {
+      Some(v) => unsafe { env::set_var(key, v) },
+      None => unsafe { env::remove_var(key) },
+    })
+  }
+
+  /// Temporarily mutate shell options for a test and restore the
+  /// previous values when the returned guard is dropped.
+  fn with_shopts(modifier: impl FnOnce(&mut crate::shopt::ShOpts)) -> impl Drop {
+    let original = state::read_shopts(|s| s.clone());
+    state::write_shopts(|s| modifier(s));
+    guard(original, |orig| {
+      state::write_shopts(|s| *s = orig);
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn write_history_file(path: &Path) {
+    fs::write(
+      path,
+      [": 1;1;first\n", ": 2;1;second\n", ": 3;1;third\n"].concat(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn history_new_respects_max_hist_limit() {
+    let _lock = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let hist_path = tmp.path().join("history");
+    write_history_file(&hist_path);
+
+    let _env_guard = with_env_var("SHEDHIST", hist_path.to_str().unwrap());
+    let _opts_guard = with_shopts(|s| {
+      s.core.max_hist = 2;
+      s.core.hist_ignore_dupes = true;
+    });
+
+    let history = History::new().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(history.entries.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(history.search_mask.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(history.cursor, 2);
+    assert_eq!(history.max_size, Some(2));
+    assert!(history.ignore_dups);
+    assert!(history.pending.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(history.entries[0].command(), "second");
+    assert_eq!(history.entries[1].command(), "third");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn history_new_keeps_all_when_unlimited() {
+    let _lock = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let hist_path = tmp.path().join("history");
+    write_history_file(&hist_path);
+
+    let _env_guard = with_env_var("SHEDHIST", hist_path.to_str().unwrap());
+    let _opts_guard = with_shopts(|s| {
+      s.core.max_hist = -1;
+      s.core.hist_ignore_dupes = false;
+    });
+
+    let history = History::new().unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(history.entries.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(history.search_mask.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(history.cursor, 3);
+    assert_eq!(history.max_size, None);
+    assert!(!history.ignore_dups);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn history_new_dedupes_search_mask_to_latest_occurrence() {
+    let _lock = TestGuard::new();
+    let tmp = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let hist_path = tmp.path().join("history");
+    fs::write(
+      &hist_path,
+      [": 1;1;repeat\n", ": 2;1;unique\n", ": 3;1;repeat\n"].concat(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let _env_guard = with_env_var("SHEDHIST", hist_path.to_str().unwrap());
+    let _opts_guard = with_shopts(|s| {
+      s.core.max_hist = 10;
+    });
+
+    let history = History::new().unwrap();
+
+    let masked: Vec<_> = history.search_mask.iter().map(|e| e.command()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(masked, vec!["unique", "repeat"]);
+    assert_eq!(history.cursor, history.search_mask.len());
+  }
+}

src/readline/mod.rs

@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@ use vimode::{CmdReplay, ModeReport, ViInsert, ViMode, ViNormal, ViReplace, ViVis
 
 use crate::builtin::keymap::{KeyMapFlags, KeyMapMatch};
 use crate::expand::expand_prompt;
-use crate::libsh::sys::TTY_FILENO;
 use crate::libsh::utils::AutoCmdVecUtils;
 use crate::parse::lex::{LexStream, QuoteState};
 use crate::readline::complete::{FuzzyCompleter, SelectorResponse};
 use crate::readline::term::{Pos, TermReader, calc_str_width};
 use crate::readline::vimode::{ViEx, ViVerbatim};
 use crate::state::{
-  AutoCmdKind, ShellParam, VarFlags, VarKind, read_logic, read_shopts, with_vars, write_meta,
+  AutoCmdKind, ShellParam, Var, VarFlags, VarKind, read_logic, read_shopts, with_vars, write_meta,
   write_vars,
 };
 use crate::{
@@ -40,6 +39,9 @@ pub mod term;
 pub mod vicmd;
 pub mod vimode;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod tests;
+
 pub mod markers {
   use super::Marker;
 
@@ -239,6 +241,7 @@ impl Default for Prompt {
 pub struct ShedVi {
   pub reader: PollReader,
   pub writer: TermWriter,
+  pub tty: RawFd,
 
   pub prompt: Prompt,
   pub highlighter: Highlighter,
@@ -250,7 +253,6 @@ pub struct ShedVi {
   pub repeat_action: Option<CmdReplay>,
   pub repeat_motion: Option<MotionCmd>,
   pub editor: LineBuf,
-  pub next_is_escaped: bool,
 
   pub old_layout: Option<Layout>,
   pub history: History,
@@ -264,10 +266,10 @@ impl ShedVi {
       reader: PollReader::new(),
       writer: TermWriter::new(tty),
       prompt,
+      tty,
       completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
       highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
       mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
-      next_is_escaped: false,
       saved_mode: None,
       pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
       old_layout: None,
@@ -290,6 +292,37 @@ impl ShedVi {
     Ok(new)
   }
 
+  pub fn new_no_hist(prompt: Prompt, tty: RawFd) -> ShResult<Self> {
+    let mut new = Self {
+      reader: PollReader::new(),
+      writer: TermWriter::new(tty),
+      tty,
+      prompt,
+      completer: Box::new(FuzzyCompleter::default()),
+      highlighter: Highlighter::new(),
+      mode: Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
+      saved_mode: None,
+      pending_keymap: Vec::new(),
+      old_layout: None,
+      repeat_action: None,
+      repeat_motion: None,
+      editor: LineBuf::new(),
+      history: History::empty(),
+      needs_redraw: true,
+    };
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "SHED_VI_MODE",
+        VarKind::Str(new.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })?;
+    new.prompt.refresh();
+    new.writer.flush_write("\n")?; // ensure we start on a new line, in case the previous command didn't end with a newline
+    new.print_line(false)?;
+    Ok(new)
+  }
+
   pub fn with_initial(mut self, initial: &str) -> Self {
     self.editor = LineBuf::new().with_initial(initial, 0);
     self
@@ -300,7 +333,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
   /// Feed raw bytes from stdin into the reader's buffer
   pub fn feed_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
-		self.reader.feed_bytes(bytes);
+    self.reader.feed_bytes(bytes);
   }
 
   /// Mark that the display needs to be redrawn (e.g., after SIGWINCH)
@@ -311,7 +344,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
   pub fn fix_column(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
     self
       .writer
-      .fix_cursor_column(&mut TermReader::new(*TTY_FILENO))
+      .fix_cursor_column(&mut TermReader::new(self.tty))
   }
 
   pub fn reset_active_widget(&mut self, full_redraw: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
@@ -319,6 +352,10 @@ impl ShedVi {
       self.completer.reset_stay_active();
       self.needs_redraw = true;
       Ok(())
+    } else if self.history.fuzzy_finder.is_active() {
+      self.history.fuzzy_finder.reset_stay_active();
+      self.needs_redraw = true;
+      Ok(())
     } else {
       self.reset(full_redraw)
     }
@@ -377,7 +414,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::LEX_UNFINISHED).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
     let lex_result2 =
       LexStream::new(Arc::clone(&input), LexFlags::empty()).collect::<ShResult<Vec<_>>>();
-    let is_top_level = self.editor.auto_indent_level == 0;
+    let is_top_level = self.editor.indent_ctx.ctx().is_empty();
 
     let is_complete = match (lex_result1.is_err(), lex_result2.is_err()) {
       (true, true) => {
@@ -404,7 +441,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
     // Process all available keys
     while let Some(key) = self.reader.read_key()? {
-			log::debug!("Read key: {key:?} in mode {:?}, self.reader.verbatim = {}", self.mode.report_mode(), self.reader.verbatim);
       // If completer or history search are active, delegate input to it
       if self.history.fuzzy_finder.is_active() {
         self.print_line(false)?;
@@ -485,6 +521,16 @@ impl ShedVi {
             self.needs_redraw = true;
             self.completer.reset();
 
+            write_vars(|v| {
+              v.set_var(
+                "SHED_VI_MODE",
+                VarKind::Str(self.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
+                VarFlags::NONE,
+              )
+            })
+            .ok();
+            self.prompt.refresh();
+
             with_vars([("_COMP_CANDIDATE".into(), candidate.clone())], || {
               post_cmds.exec_with(&candidate);
             });
@@ -577,10 +623,6 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
   pub fn handle_key(&mut self, key: KeyEvent) -> ShResult<Option<ReadlineEvent>> {
     if self.should_accept_hint(&key) {
-      log::debug!(
-        "Accepting hint on key {key:?} in mode {:?}",
-        self.mode.report_mode()
-      );
       self.editor.accept_hint();
       if !self.history.at_pending() {
         self.history.reset_to_pending();
@@ -639,6 +681,14 @@ impl ShedVi {
             .update_pending_cmd((self.editor.as_str(), self.editor.cursor.get()));
           let hint = self.history.get_hint();
           self.editor.set_hint(hint);
+          write_vars(|v| {
+            v.set_var(
+              "SHED_VI_MODE",
+              VarKind::Str(self.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
+              VarFlags::NONE,
+            )
+          })
+          .ok();
 
           // If we are here, we hit a case where pressing tab returned a single candidate
           // So we can just go ahead and reset the completer after this
@@ -646,10 +696,22 @@ impl ShedVi {
         }
         Ok(None) => {
           let post_cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::OnCompletionStart));
+          let candidates = self.completer.all_candidates();
+          let num_candidates = candidates.len();
+          with_vars(
+            [
+              ("_NUM_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_candidates)),
+              ("_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(candidates)),
+              (
+                "_SEARCH_STR".into(),
+                Into::<Var>::into(self.completer.token()),
+              ),
+            ],
+            || {
+              post_cmds.exec();
+            },
+          );
 
-          post_cmds.exec();
-
-          self.writer.send_bell().ok();
           if self.completer.is_active() {
             write_vars(|v| {
               v.set_var(
@@ -662,13 +724,17 @@ impl ShedVi {
             self.prompt.refresh();
             self.needs_redraw = true;
             self.editor.set_hint(None);
+          } else {
+            self.writer.send_bell().ok();
           }
         }
       }
 
       self.needs_redraw = true;
       return Ok(None);
-    } else if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('R'), ModKeys::CTRL) = key {
+    } else if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('R'), ModKeys::CTRL) = key
+      && self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Insert
+    {
       let initial = self.editor.as_str();
       match self.history.start_search(initial) {
         Some(entry) => {
@@ -686,9 +752,31 @@ impl ShedVi {
         }
         None => {
           let post_cmds = read_logic(|l| l.get_autocmds(AutoCmdKind::OnHistoryOpen));
-          post_cmds.exec();
+          let entries = self.history.fuzzy_finder.candidates();
+          let matches = self
+            .history
+            .fuzzy_finder
+            .filtered()
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .map(|sc| sc.content)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+          let num_entries = entries.len();
+          let num_matches = matches.len();
+          with_vars(
+            [
+              ("_ENTRIES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(entries)),
+              ("_NUM_ENTRIES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_entries)),
+              ("_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(matches)),
+              ("_NUM_MATCHES".into(), Into::<Var>::into(num_matches)),
+              ("_SEARCH_STR".into(), Into::<Var>::into(initial)),
+            ],
+            || {
+              post_cmds.exec();
+            },
+          );
 
-          self.writer.send_bell().ok();
           if self.history.fuzzy_finder.is_active() {
             write_vars(|v| {
               v.set_var(
@@ -701,19 +789,13 @@ impl ShedVi {
             self.prompt.refresh();
             self.needs_redraw = true;
             self.editor.set_hint(None);
+          } else {
+            self.writer.send_bell().ok();
           }
         }
       }
     }
 
-    if let KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char('\\'), ModKeys::NONE) = key
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
-    {
-      self.next_is_escaped = true;
-    } else {
-      self.next_is_escaped = false;
-    }
-
     let Ok(cmd) = self.mode.handle_key_fallible(key) else {
       // it's an ex mode error
       self.mode = Box::new(ViNormal::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>;
@@ -732,8 +814,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
     }
 
     if cmd.is_submit_action()
-      && !self.next_is_escaped
-      && !self.editor.buffer.ends_with('\\')
+      && !self.editor.cursor_is_escaped()
       && (self.should_submit()? || !read_shopts(|o| o.prompt.linebreak_on_incomplete))
     {
       if self.editor.attempt_history_expansion(&self.history) {
@@ -765,7 +846,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
     let has_edit_verb = cmd.verb().is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit());
 
     let before = self.editor.buffer.clone();
-    self.exec_cmd(cmd)?;
+    self.exec_cmd(cmd, false)?;
     if let Some(keys) = write_meta(|m| m.take_pending_widget_keys()) {
       for key in keys {
         self.handle_key(key)?;
@@ -790,7 +871,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
   pub fn get_layout(&mut self, line: &str) -> Layout {
     let to_cursor = self.editor.slice_to_cursor().unwrap_or_default();
-    let (cols, _) = get_win_size(*TTY_FILENO);
+    let (cols, _) = get_win_size(self.tty);
     Layout::from_parts(cols, self.prompt.get_ps1(), to_cursor, line)
   }
   pub fn scroll_history(&mut self, cmd: ViCmd) {
@@ -969,6 +1050,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       let pending_seq = self.mode.pending_seq().unwrap_or_default();
       write!(buf, "\n: {pending_seq}").unwrap();
       new_layout.end.row += 1;
+      new_layout.cursor.row += 1;
     }
 
     write!(buf, "{}", &self.mode.cursor_style()).unwrap();
@@ -1023,99 +1105,74 @@ impl ShedVi {
     post_mode_change.exec();
   }
 
-  pub fn exec_cmd(&mut self, mut cmd: ViCmd) -> ShResult<()> {
+  fn exec_mode_transition(&mut self, cmd: ViCmd, from_replay: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
     let mut select_mode = None;
     let mut is_insert_mode = false;
-    if cmd.is_mode_transition() {
-      let count = cmd.verb_count();
+    let count = cmd.verb_count();
 
-      let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = if matches!(
-        self.mode.report_mode(),
-        ModeReport::Ex | ModeReport::Verbatim
-      ) && cmd.flags.contains(CmdFlags::EXIT_CUR_MODE)
-      {
-        if let Some(saved) = self.saved_mode.take() {
-          saved
-        } else {
-          Box::new(ViNormal::new())
-        }
+    let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = if matches!(
+      self.mode.report_mode(),
+      ModeReport::Ex | ModeReport::Verbatim
+    ) && cmd.flags.contains(CmdFlags::EXIT_CUR_MODE)
+    {
+      if let Some(saved) = self.saved_mode.take() {
+        saved
       } else {
-        match cmd.verb().unwrap().1 {
-          Verb::Change | Verb::InsertModeLineBreak(_) | Verb::InsertMode => {
-            is_insert_mode = true;
-            Box::new(ViInsert::new().with_count(count as u16))
-          }
-
-          Verb::ExMode => Box::new(ViEx::new()),
-
-          Verb::VerbatimMode => Box::new(ViVerbatim::read_one().with_count(count as u16)),
-
-          Verb::NormalMode => Box::new(ViNormal::new()),
-
-          Verb::ReplaceMode => Box::new(ViReplace::new()),
-
-          Verb::VisualModeSelectLast => {
-            if self.mode.report_mode() != ModeReport::Visual {
-              self
-                .editor
-                .start_selecting(SelectMode::Char(SelectAnchor::End));
-            }
-            let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = Box::new(ViVisual::new());
-            self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
-
-            return self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd);
-          }
-          Verb::VisualMode => {
-            select_mode = Some(SelectMode::Char(SelectAnchor::End));
-            Box::new(ViVisual::new())
-          }
-          Verb::VisualModeLine => {
-            select_mode = Some(SelectMode::Line(SelectAnchor::End));
-            Box::new(ViVisual::new())
-          }
-
-          _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-      };
-
-      self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
-
-      if matches!(
-        self.mode.report_mode(),
-        ModeReport::Ex | ModeReport::Verbatim
-      ) {
-        self.saved_mode = Some(mode);
-        write_vars(|v| {
-          v.set_var(
-            "SHED_VI_MODE",
-            VarKind::Str(self.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
-            VarFlags::NONE,
+        Box::new(ViNormal::new())
+      }
+    } else {
+      match cmd.verb().unwrap().1 {
+        Verb::Change | Verb::InsertModeLineBreak(_) | Verb::InsertMode => {
+          is_insert_mode = true;
+          Box::new(
+            ViInsert::new()
+              .with_count(count as u16)
+              .record_cmd(cmd.clone()),
           )
-        })?;
-        self.prompt.refresh();
-        return Ok(());
-      }
+        }
 
-      if mode.is_repeatable() {
-        self.repeat_action = mode.as_replay();
-      }
+        Verb::ExMode => Box::new(ViEx::new()),
 
-      // Set cursor clamp BEFORE executing the command so that motions
-      // (like EndOfLine for 'A') can reach positions valid in the new mode
-      self.editor.set_cursor_clamp(self.mode.clamp_cursor());
-      self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd)?;
+        Verb::VerbatimMode => {
+          self.reader.verbatim_single = true;
+          Box::new(ViVerbatim::new().with_count(count as u16))
+        }
 
-      if let Some(sel_mode) = select_mode {
-        self.editor.start_selecting(sel_mode);
-      } else {
-        self.editor.stop_selecting();
-      }
-      if is_insert_mode {
-        self.editor.mark_insert_mode_start_pos();
-      } else {
-        self.editor.clear_insert_mode_start_pos();
-      }
+        Verb::NormalMode => Box::new(ViNormal::new()),
 
+        Verb::ReplaceMode => Box::new(ViReplace::new()),
+
+        Verb::VisualModeSelectLast => {
+          if self.mode.report_mode() != ModeReport::Visual {
+            self
+              .editor
+              .start_selecting(SelectMode::Char(SelectAnchor::End));
+          }
+          let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = Box::new(ViVisual::new());
+          self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
+
+          return self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd);
+        }
+        Verb::VisualMode => {
+          select_mode = Some(SelectMode::Char(SelectAnchor::End));
+          Box::new(ViVisual::new())
+        }
+        Verb::VisualModeLine => {
+          select_mode = Some(SelectMode::Line(SelectAnchor::End));
+          Box::new(ViVisual::new())
+        }
+
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+      }
+    };
+
+    self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
+
+    if matches!(
+      self.mode.report_mode(),
+      ModeReport::Ex | ModeReport::Verbatim
+    ) {
+      self.saved_mode = Some(mode);
       write_vars(|v| {
         v.set_var(
           "SHED_VI_MODE",
@@ -1124,8 +1181,56 @@ impl ShedVi {
         )
       })?;
       self.prompt.refresh();
-
       return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if mode.is_repeatable() && !from_replay {
+      self.repeat_action = mode.as_replay();
+    }
+
+    // Set cursor clamp BEFORE executing the command so that motions
+    // (like EndOfLine for 'A') can reach positions valid in the new mode
+    self.editor.set_cursor_clamp(self.mode.clamp_cursor());
+    self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd)?;
+
+    if let Some(sel_mode) = select_mode {
+      self.editor.start_selecting(sel_mode);
+    } else {
+      self.editor.stop_selecting();
+    }
+    if is_insert_mode {
+      self.editor.mark_insert_mode_start_pos();
+    } else {
+      self.editor.clear_insert_mode_start_pos();
+    }
+
+    write_vars(|v| {
+      v.set_var(
+        "SHED_VI_MODE",
+        VarKind::Str(self.mode.report_mode().to_string()),
+        VarFlags::NONE,
+      )
+    })?;
+    self.prompt.refresh();
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  pub fn clone_mode(&self) -> Box<dyn ViMode> {
+    match self.mode.report_mode() {
+      ModeReport::Normal => Box::new(ViNormal::new()),
+      ModeReport::Insert => Box::new(ViInsert::new()),
+      ModeReport::Visual => Box::new(ViVisual::new()),
+      ModeReport::Ex => Box::new(ViEx::new()),
+      ModeReport::Replace => Box::new(ViReplace::new()),
+      ModeReport::Verbatim => Box::new(ViVerbatim::new()),
+      ModeReport::Unknown => unreachable!(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn exec_cmd(&mut self, mut cmd: ViCmd, from_replay: bool) -> ShResult<()> {
+    if cmd.is_mode_transition() {
+      return self.exec_mode_transition(cmd, from_replay);
     } else if cmd.is_cmd_repeat() {
       let Some(replay) = self.repeat_action.clone() else {
         return Ok(());
@@ -1137,11 +1242,36 @@ impl ShedVi {
           if count > 1 {
             repeat = count as u16;
           }
+
+          let old_mode = self.mode.report_mode();
+
           for _ in 0..repeat {
             let cmds = cmds.clone();
-            for cmd in cmds {
-              self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd)?
+            for (i, cmd) in cmds.iter().enumerate() {
+              self.exec_cmd(cmd.clone(), true)?;
+              // After the first command, start merging so all subsequent
+              // edits fold into one undo entry (e.g. cw + inserted chars)
+              if i == 0
+                && let Some(edit) = self.editor.undo_stack.last_mut()
+              {
+                edit.start_merge();
+              }
             }
+            // Stop merging at the end of the replay
+            if let Some(edit) = self.editor.undo_stack.last_mut() {
+              edit.stop_merge();
+            }
+
+            let old_mode_clone = match old_mode {
+              ModeReport::Normal => Box::new(ViNormal::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Insert => Box::new(ViInsert::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Visual => Box::new(ViVisual::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Ex => Box::new(ViEx::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Replace => Box::new(ViReplace::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Verbatim => Box::new(ViVerbatim::new()) as Box<dyn ViMode>,
+              ModeReport::Unknown => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            self.mode = old_mode_clone;
           }
         }
         CmdReplay::Single(mut cmd) => {
@@ -1204,7 +1334,7 @@ impl ShedVi {
       self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
     }
 
-    if cmd.is_repeatable() {
+    if cmd.is_repeatable() && !from_replay {
       if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual {
         // The motion is assigned in the line buffer execution, so we also have to
         // assign it here in order to be able to repeat it
@@ -1223,7 +1353,11 @@ impl ShedVi {
 
     self.editor.exec_cmd(cmd.clone())?;
 
-    if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual && cmd.verb().is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit()) {
+    if self.mode.report_mode() == ModeReport::Visual
+      && cmd
+        .verb()
+        .is_some_and(|v| v.1.is_edit() || v.1 == Verb::Yank)
+    {
       self.editor.stop_selecting();
       let mut mode: Box<dyn ViMode> = Box::new(ViNormal::new());
       self.swap_mode(&mut mode);
@@ -1372,6 +1506,7 @@ pub fn get_insertions(input: &str) -> Vec<(usize, Marker)> {
 pub fn marker_for(class: &TkRule) -> Option<Marker> {
   match class {
     TkRule::Pipe
+    | TkRule::Bang
     | TkRule::ErrPipe
     | TkRule::And
     | TkRule::Or
@@ -1463,6 +1598,12 @@ pub fn annotate_token(token: Tk) -> Vec<(usize, Marker)> {
 
   let mut insertions: Vec<(usize, Marker)> = vec![];
 
+  // Heredoc tokens have spans covering the body content far from the <<
+  // operator, which breaks position tracking after marker insertions
+  if token.flags.contains(TkFlags::IS_HEREDOC) {
+    return insertions;
+  }
+
   if token.class != TkRule::Str
     && let Some(marker) = marker_for(&token.class)
   {

src/readline/register.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,24 @@ use std::{fmt::Display, sync::Mutex};
 
 pub static REGISTERS: Mutex<Registers> = Mutex::new(Registers::new());
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub static SAVED_REGISTERS: Mutex<Option<Registers>> = Mutex::new(None);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn save_registers() {
+  let mut saved = SAVED_REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
+  *saved = Some(REGISTERS.lock().unwrap().clone());
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub fn restore_registers() {
+  let mut saved = SAVED_REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
+  if let Some(ref registers) = *saved {
+    *REGISTERS.lock().unwrap() = registers.clone();
+  }
+  *saved = None;
+}
+
 pub fn read_register(ch: Option<char>) -> Option<RegisterContent> {
   let lock = REGISTERS.lock().unwrap();
   lock.get_reg(ch).map(|r| r.content().clone())
@@ -79,7 +97,7 @@ impl RegisterContent {
   }
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Registers {
   default: Register,
   a: Register,

src/readline/term.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{
   fmt::{Debug, Write},
   io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read},
   os::fd::{AsFd, BorrowedFd, RawFd},
-  sync::Arc, time::Instant,
+  time::Instant,
 };
 
 use nix::{
@@ -294,12 +294,14 @@ impl Read for TermBuffer {
 
 struct KeyCollector {
   events: VecDeque<KeyEvent>,
+  ss3_pending: bool,
 }
 
 impl KeyCollector {
   fn new() -> Self {
     Self {
       events: VecDeque::new(),
+      ss3_pending: false,
     }
   }
 
@@ -337,7 +339,55 @@ impl Default for KeyCollector {
 
 impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   fn print(&mut self, c: char) {
+    log::trace!("print: {c:?}");
     // vte routes 0x7f (DEL) to print instead of execute
+    if self.ss3_pending {
+      self.ss3_pending = false;
+      match c {
+        'A' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Up, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'B' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Down, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'C' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Right, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'D' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Left, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'H' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Home, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'F' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::End, ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'P' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(1), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'Q' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(2), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'R' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(3), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        'S' => {
+          self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::F(4), ModKeys::empty()));
+          return;
+        }
+        _ => {}
+      }
+    }
+
     if c == '\x7f' {
       self.push(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Backspace, ModKeys::empty()));
     } else {
@@ -346,6 +396,7 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   }
 
   fn execute(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+    log::trace!("execute: {byte:#04x}");
     let event = match byte {
       0x00 => KeyEvent(KeyCode::Char(' '), ModKeys::CTRL), // Ctrl+Space / Ctrl+@
       0x09 => KeyEvent(KeyCode::Tab, ModKeys::empty()),    // Tab (Ctrl+I)
@@ -370,6 +421,9 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
     _ignore: bool,
     action: char,
   ) {
+    log::trace!(
+      "CSI dispatch: params={params:?}, intermediates={intermediates:?}, action={action:?}"
+    );
     let params: Vec<u16> = params
       .iter()
       .map(|p| p.first().copied().unwrap_or(0))
@@ -444,8 +498,8 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
           21 => KeyCode::F(10),
           23 => KeyCode::F(11),
           24 => KeyCode::F(12),
-					200 => KeyCode::BracketedPasteStart,
-					201 => KeyCode::BracketedPasteEnd,
+          200 => KeyCode::BracketedPasteStart,
+          201 => KeyCode::BracketedPasteEnd,
           _ => return,
         };
         KeyEvent(key, mods)
@@ -481,16 +535,11 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
   }
 
   fn esc_dispatch(&mut self, intermediates: &[u8], _ignore: bool, byte: u8) {
-    // SS3 sequences (ESC O P/Q/R/S for F1-F4)
-    if intermediates == [b'O'] {
-      let key = match byte {
-        b'P' => KeyCode::F(1),
-        b'Q' => KeyCode::F(2),
-        b'R' => KeyCode::F(3),
-        b'S' => KeyCode::F(4),
-        _ => return,
-      };
-      self.push(KeyEvent(key, ModKeys::empty()));
+    log::trace!("ESC dispatch: intermediates={intermediates:?}, byte={byte:#04x}");
+    // SS3 sequences
+    if byte == b'O' {
+      self.ss3_pending = true;
+      return;
     }
   }
 }
@@ -498,8 +547,9 @@ impl Perform for KeyCollector {
 pub struct PollReader {
   parser: Parser,
   collector: KeyCollector,
-	byte_buf: VecDeque<u8>,
-	pub verbatim: bool,
+  byte_buf: VecDeque<u8>,
+  pub verbatim_single: bool,
+  pub verbatim: bool,
 }
 
 impl PollReader {
@@ -507,32 +557,45 @@ impl PollReader {
     Self {
       parser: Parser::new(),
       collector: KeyCollector::new(),
-			byte_buf: VecDeque::new(),
-			verbatim: false,
+      byte_buf: VecDeque::new(),
+      verbatim_single: false,
+      verbatim: false,
     }
   }
 
-	pub fn handle_bracket_paste(&mut self) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
-		let end_marker = b"\x1b[201~";
-		let mut raw = vec![];
-		while let Some(byte) = self.byte_buf.pop_front() {
-			raw.push(byte);
-			if raw.ends_with(end_marker) {
-				// Strip the end marker from the raw sequence
-				raw.truncate(raw.len() - end_marker.len());
-				let paste = String::from_utf8_lossy(&raw).to_string();
-				self.verbatim = false;
-				return Some(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Verbatim(paste.into()), ModKeys::empty()));
-			}
-		}
+  pub fn handle_bracket_paste(&mut self) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
+    let end_marker = b"\x1b[201~";
+    let mut raw = vec![];
+    while let Some(byte) = self.byte_buf.pop_front() {
+      raw.push(byte);
+      if raw.ends_with(end_marker) {
+        // Strip the end marker from the raw sequence
+        raw.truncate(raw.len() - end_marker.len());
+        let paste = String::from_utf8_lossy(&raw).to_string();
+        self.verbatim = false;
+        return Some(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Verbatim(paste.into()), ModKeys::empty()));
+      }
+    }
 
-		self.verbatim = true;
-		self.byte_buf.extend(raw);
-		None
-	}
+    self.verbatim = true;
+    self.byte_buf.extend(raw);
+    None
+  }
+
+  pub fn read_one_verbatim(&mut self) -> Option<KeyEvent> {
+    if self.byte_buf.is_empty() {
+      return None;
+    }
+    let bytes: Vec<u8> = self.byte_buf.drain(..).collect();
+    let verbatim_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes).to_string();
+    Some(KeyEvent(
+      KeyCode::Verbatim(verbatim_str.into()),
+      ModKeys::empty(),
+    ))
+  }
 
   pub fn feed_bytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) {
-		self.byte_buf.extend(bytes);
+    self.byte_buf.extend(bytes);
   }
 }
 
@@ -544,33 +607,42 @@ impl Default for PollReader {
 
 impl KeyReader for PollReader {
   fn read_key(&mut self) -> Result<Option<KeyEvent>, ShErr> {
-		if self.verbatim {
-			if let Some(paste) = self.handle_bracket_paste() {
-				return Ok(Some(paste));
-			}
-			// If we're in verbatim mode but haven't seen the end marker yet, don't attempt to parse keys
-			return Ok(None);
-		} else if self.byte_buf.len() == 1
-			&& self.byte_buf.front() == Some(&b'\x1b') {
-			// User pressed escape
-			self.byte_buf.pop_front(); // Consume the escape byte
-			return Ok(Some(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Esc, ModKeys::empty())));
-		}
-		while let Some(byte) = self.byte_buf.pop_front() {
-			self.parser.advance(&mut self.collector, &[byte]);
-			if let Some(key) = self.collector.pop() {
-				match key {
-					KeyEvent(KeyCode::BracketedPasteStart, _) => {
-						if let Some(paste) = self.handle_bracket_paste() {
-							return Ok(Some(paste));
-						} else {
-							continue;
-						}
-					}
-					_ => return Ok(Some(key))
-				}
-			}
-		}
+    if self.verbatim_single {
+      if let Some(key) = self.read_one_verbatim() {
+        self.verbatim_single = false;
+        return Ok(Some(key));
+      }
+      return Ok(None);
+    }
+    if self.verbatim {
+      if let Some(paste) = self.handle_bracket_paste() {
+        return Ok(Some(paste));
+      }
+      // If we're in verbatim mode but haven't seen the end marker yet, don't attempt to parse keys
+      return Ok(None);
+    } else if self.byte_buf.front() == Some(&b'\x1b') {
+      // Escape: if it's the only byte, or the next byte isn't a valid
+      // escape sequence prefix ([ or O), emit a standalone Escape
+      if self.byte_buf.len() == 1 || !matches!(self.byte_buf.get(1), Some(b'[') | Some(b'O')) {
+        self.byte_buf.pop_front();
+        return Ok(Some(KeyEvent(KeyCode::Esc, ModKeys::empty())));
+      }
+    }
+    while let Some(byte) = self.byte_buf.pop_front() {
+      self.parser.advance(&mut self.collector, &[byte]);
+      if let Some(key) = self.collector.pop() {
+        match key {
+          KeyEvent(KeyCode::BracketedPasteStart, _) => {
+            if let Some(paste) = self.handle_bracket_paste() {
+              return Ok(Some(paste));
+            } else {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          _ => return Ok(Some(key)),
+        }
+      }
+    }
     Ok(None)
   }
 }
@@ -822,7 +894,7 @@ impl Default for Layout {
 }
 
 pub struct TermWriter {
-	last_bell: Option<Instant>,
+  last_bell: Option<Instant>,
   out: RawFd,
   pub t_cols: Col, // terminal width
   buffer: String,
@@ -832,7 +904,7 @@ impl TermWriter {
   pub fn new(out: RawFd) -> Self {
     let (t_cols, _) = get_win_size(out);
     Self {
-			last_bell: None,
+      last_bell: None,
       out,
       t_cols,
       buffer: String::new(),
@@ -1069,24 +1141,24 @@ impl LineWriter for TermWriter {
     Ok(())
   }
 
-	fn send_bell(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
-		if read_shopts(|o| o.core.bell_enabled) {
-			// we use a cooldown because I don't like having my ears assaulted by 1 million bells
-			// whenever i finish clearing the line using backspace.
-			let now = Instant::now();
+  fn send_bell(&mut self) -> ShResult<()> {
+    if read_shopts(|o| o.core.bell_enabled) {
+      // we use a cooldown because I don't like having my ears assaulted by 1 million bells
+      // whenever i finish clearing the line using backspace.
+      let now = Instant::now();
 
-			// surprisingly, a fixed cooldown like '100' is actually more annoying than 1 million bells.
-			// I've found this range of 50-150 to be the best balance
-			let cooldown = rand::random_range(50..150);
-			let should_send = match self.last_bell {
-				None => true,
-				Some(time) => now.duration_since(time).as_millis() > cooldown,
-			};
-			if should_send {
-				self.flush_write("\x07")?;
-				self.last_bell = Some(now);
-			}
-		}
-		Ok(())
-	}
+      // surprisingly, a fixed cooldown like '100' is actually more annoying than 1 million bells.
+      // I've found this range of 50-150 to be the best balance
+      let cooldown = rand::random_range(50..150);
+      let should_send = match self.last_bell {
+        None => true,
+        Some(time) => now.duration_since(time).as_millis() > cooldown,
+      };
+      if should_send {
+        self.flush_write("\x07")?;
+        self.last_bell = Some(now);
+      }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+  }
 }

src/readline/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+#![allow(non_snake_case)]
+use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
+
+use crate::{
+  readline::{Prompt, ShedVi, annotate_input},
+  testutil::TestGuard,
+};
+
+fn assert_annotated(input: &str, expected: &str) {
+  let result = annotate_input(input);
+  assert_eq!(result, expected, "\nInput: {input:?}");
+}
+
+/// Tests for our vim logic emulation. Each test consists of an initial text, a sequence of keys to feed, and the expected final text and cursor position.
+macro_rules! vi_test {
+    { $($name:ident: $input:expr => $op:expr => $expected_text:expr,$expected_cursor:expr);* } => {
+				$(
+						#[test]
+						fn $name() {
+							let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi($input);
+							vi.feed_bytes(b"\x1b"); // Start in normal mode
+							vi.process_input().unwrap();
+
+							vi.feed_bytes($op.as_bytes());
+							vi.process_input().unwrap();
+							assert_eq!(vi.editor.as_str(), $expected_text);
+							assert_eq!(vi.editor.cursor.get(), $expected_cursor);
+						}
+				)*
+
+    };
+}
+
+// ===================== Annotation Tests =====================
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_simple_command() {
+  assert_annotated("echo hello", "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "ls | grep foo",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo foo && echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e104}&&\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_output() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello > file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_append() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello >> file.txt",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e105}>>\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_redirect_input() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat < file.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_fd_redirect() {
+  assert_annotated("cmd 2>&1", "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>&1\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $HOME",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$HOME\u{e10d}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_variable_brace_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo ${HOME}",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}${HOME}\u{e10d}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $(ls)",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(ls)\u{e10f}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_single_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo 'hello world'",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e114}'hello world'\u{e115}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_double_quoted_string() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo \"hello world\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello world\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment() {
+  assert_annotated("FOO=bar", "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_assignment_with_command() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "FOO=bar echo hello",
+    "\u{e107}FOO=bar\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_if_statement() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "if true; then echo yes; fi",
+    "\u{e103}if\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}then\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}yes\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}fi\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_for_loop() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "for i in a b c; do echo $i; done",
+    "\u{e103}for\u{e11a} \u{e102}i\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e102}a\u{e11a} \u{e102}b\u{e11a} \u{e102}c\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10c}$i\u{e10d}\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_while_loop() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "while true; do echo hello; done",
+    "\u{e103}while\u{e11a} \u{e101}true\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}do\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e103}done\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_case_statement() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "case foo in bar) echo bar;; esac",
+    "\u{e103}case\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a} \u{e103}in\u{e11a} \u{e104}bar\u{e109})\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}\u{e108};; \u{e11a}\u{e103}esac\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_brace_group() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "{ echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_comment() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello # this is a comment",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a} \u{e106}# this is a comment\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_semicolon_sep() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo foo; echo bar",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}foo\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}bar\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_escaped_char() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo hello\\ world",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\\ world\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_glob() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "ls *.txt",
+    "\u{e100}ls\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e117}*\u{e11a}.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_heredoc_operator() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat <<EOF",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<\u{e11a}\u{e102}EOF\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_herestring_operator() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat <<< hello",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e105}<<<\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_nested_command_sub() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo $(echo $(ls))",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e10e}$(echo $(ls))\u{e10f}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_var_in_double_quotes() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "echo \"hello $USER\"",
+    "\u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}\u{e112}\"hello \u{e10c}$USER\u{e10d}\"\u{e113}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_func_def() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "foo() { echo hello; }",
+    "\u{e103}foo()\u{e11a} \u{e104}{\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}\u{e108}; \u{e11a}\u{e104}}\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_negate() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "! echo hello",
+    "\u{e104}!\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}hello\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_or_conjunction() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "false || echo fallback",
+    "\u{e101}false\u{e11a} \u{e104}||\u{e11a} \u{e101}echo\u{e11a} \u{e102}fallback\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_complex_pipeline() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cat file.txt | grep pattern | wc -l",
+    "\u{e100}cat\u{e11a} \u{e102}file.txt\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}grep\u{e11a} \u{e102}pattern\u{e11a} \u{e104}|\u{e11a} \u{e100}wc\u{e11a} \u{e102}-l\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn annotate_multiple_redirects() {
+  assert_annotated(
+    "cmd > out.txt 2> err.txt",
+    "\u{e100}cmd\u{e11a} \u{e105}>\u{e11a} \u{e102}out.txt\u{e11a} \u{e105}2>\u{e11a} \u{e102}err.txt\u{e11a}",
+  );
+}
+
+// ===================== Vi Tests =====================
+
+fn test_vi(initial: &str) -> (ShedVi, TestGuard) {
+  let g = TestGuard::new();
+  let prompt = Prompt::default();
+  let vi = ShedVi::new_no_hist(prompt, g.pty_slave().as_raw_fd())
+    .unwrap()
+    .with_initial(initial);
+
+  (vi, g)
+}
+
+// Why can't I marry a programming language
+vi_test! {
+  vi_dw_basic          : "hello world"            => "dw"           => "world", 0;
+  vi_dw_middle         : "one two three"          => "wdw"          => "one three", 4;
+  vi_dd_whole_line     : "hello world"            => "dd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_x_single          : "hello"                  => "x"            => "ello", 0;
+  vi_x_middle          : "hello"                  => "llx"          => "helo", 2;
+  vi_X_backdelete      : "hello"                  => "llX"          => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_h_motion          : "hello"                  => "$h"           => "hello", 3;
+  vi_l_motion          : "hello"                  => "l"            => "hello", 1;
+  vi_h_at_start        : "hello"                  => "h"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_l_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$l"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_w_forward         : "one two three"          => "w"            => "one two three", 4;
+  vi_b_backward        : "one two three"          => "$b"           => "one two three", 8;
+  vi_e_end             : "one two three"          => "e"            => "one two three", 2;
+  vi_ge_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$ge"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_w_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "w"            => "foo.bar baz", 3;
+  vi_e_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "e"            => "foo.bar baz", 2;
+  vi_b_punctuation     : "foo.bar baz"            => "$b"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_w_at_eol          : "hello"                  => "$w"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_b_at_bol          : "hello"                  => "b"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_W_forward         : "foo.bar baz"            => "W"            => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_B_backward        : "foo.bar baz"            => "$B"           => "foo.bar baz", 8;
+  vi_E_end             : "foo.bar baz"            => "E"            => "foo.bar baz", 6;
+  vi_gE_back_end       : "one two three"          => "$gE"          => "one two three", 6;
+  vi_W_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "W"            => "one-two three", 8;
+  vi_B_skip_punct      : "one two-three"          => "$B"           => "one two-three", 4;
+  vi_E_skip_punct      : "one-two three"          => "E"            => "one-two three", 6;
+  vi_dW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "dW"           => "baz", 0;
+  vi_cW_big            : "foo.bar baz"            => "cWx\x1b"      => "x baz", 0;
+  vi_zero_bol          : "  hello"                => "$0"           => "  hello", 0;
+  vi_caret_first_char  : "  hello"                => "$^"           => "  hello", 2;
+  vi_dollar_eol        : "hello world"            => "$"            => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_g_last_nonws      : "hello   "               => "g_"           => "hello   ", 4;
+  vi_g_no_trailing     : "hello"                  => "g_"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_pipe_column       : "hello world"            => "6|"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_pipe_col1         : "hello world"            => "1|"           => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_I_insert_front    : "  hello"                => "Iworld \x1b"  => "  world hello", 7;
+  vi_A_append_end      : "hello"                  => "A world\x1b"  => "hello world", 10;
+  vi_f_find            : "hello world"            => "fo"           => "hello world", 4;
+  vi_F_find_back       : "hello world"            => "$Fo"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_t_till            : "hello world"            => "tw"           => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_T_till_back       : "hello world"            => "$To"          => "hello world", 8;
+  vi_f_no_match        : "hello"                  => "fz"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_semicolon_repeat  : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_comma_reverse     : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;,"        => "abcabc", 0;
+  vi_df_semicolon      : "abcabc"                 => "fa;;dfa"      => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_t_at_target       : "aab"                    => "lta"          => "aab", 1;
+  vi_D_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wD"           => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d_dollar          : "hello world"            => "wd$"          => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_d0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "$d0"          => "d", 0;
+  vi_dw_multiple       : "one two three"          => "d2w"          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dt_char           : "hello world"            => "dtw"          => "world", 0;
+  vi_df_char           : "hello world"            => "dfw"          => "orld", 0;
+  vi_dh_back           : "hello"                  => "lldh"         => "hllo", 1;
+  vi_dl_forward        : "hello"                  => "dl"           => "ello", 0;
+  vi_dge_back_end      : "one two three"          => "$dge"         => "one tw", 5;
+  vi_dG_to_end         : "hello world"            => "dG"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dgg_to_start      : "hello world"            => "$dgg"         => "", 0;
+  vi_d_semicolon       : "abcabc"                 => "fad;"         => "abcabc", 3;
+  vi_cw_basic          : "hello world"            => "cwfoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_C_to_end          : "hello world"            => "wCfoo\x1b"    => "hello foo", 8;
+  vi_cc_whole          : "hello world"            => "ccfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ct_char           : "hello world"            => "ctwfoo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_s_single          : "hello"                  => "sfoo\x1b"     => "fooello", 2;
+  vi_S_whole_line      : "hello world"            => "Sfoo\x1b"     => "foo", 2;
+  vi_cl_forward        : "hello"                  => "clX\x1b"      => "Xello", 0;
+  vi_ch_backward       : "hello"                  => "llchX\x1b"    => "hXllo", 1;
+  vi_cb_word_back      : "hello world"            => "$cbfoo\x1b"   => "hello food", 8;
+  vi_ce_word_end       : "hello world"            => "cefoo\x1b"    => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_c0_to_start       : "hello world"            => "wc0foo\x1b"   => "fooworld", 2;
+  vi_yw_p_basic        : "hello world"            => "ywwP"         => "hello hello world", 11;
+  vi_dw_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "dwP"          => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_dd_p_paste        : "hello world"            => "ddp"          => "\nhello world", 1;
+  vi_y_dollar_p        : "hello world"            => "wy$P"         => "hello worldworld", 10;
+  vi_ye_p              : "hello world"            => "yewP"         => "hello helloworld", 10;
+  vi_yy_p              : "hello world"            => "yyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_Y_p               : "hello world"            => "Yp"           => "hhello worldello world", 11;
+  vi_p_after_x         : "hello"                  => "xp"           => "ehllo", 1;
+  vi_P_before          : "hello"                  => "llxP"         => "hello", 2;
+  vi_paste_empty       : "hello"                  => "p"            => "hello", 0;
+  vi_r_replace         : "hello"                  => "ra"           => "aello", 0;
+  vi_r_middle          : "hello"                  => "llra"         => "healo", 2;
+  vi_r_at_end          : "hello"                  => "$ra"          => "hella", 4;
+  vi_r_space           : "hello"                  => "r "           => " ello", 0;
+  vi_r_with_count      : "hello"                  => "3rx"          => "xxxlo", 2;
+  vi_tilde_single      : "hello"                  => "~"            => "Hello", 1;
+  vi_tilde_count       : "hello"                  => "3~"           => "HELlo", 3;
+  vi_tilde_at_end      : "HELLO"                  => "$~"           => "HELLo", 4;
+  vi_tilde_mixed       : "hElLo"                  => "5~"           => "HeLlO", 4;
+  vi_gu_word           : "HELLO world"            => "guw"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_word           : "hello WORLD"            => "gUw"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_dollar         : "HELLO WORLD"            => "gu$"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_gU_dollar         : "hello world"            => "gU$"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gu_0              : "HELLO WORLD"            => "$gu0"         => "hello worlD", 0;
+  vi_gU_0              : "hello world"            => "$gU0"         => "HELLO WORLd", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_word       : "hello WORLD"            => "g~w"          => "HELLO WORLD", 0;
+  vi_gtilde_dollar     : "hello WORLD"            => "g~$"          => "HELLO world", 0;
+  vi_diw_inner         : "one two three"          => "wdiw"         => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ciw_replace       : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1b"   => "foo world", 2;
+  vi_daw_around        : "one two three"          => "wdaw"         => "one three", 4;
+  vi_yiw_p             : "hello world"            => "yiwAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello", 17;
+  vi_diW_big_inner     : "one-two three"          => "diW"          => " three", 0;
+  vi_daW_big_around    : "one two-three end"      => "wdaW"         => "one end", 4;
+  vi_ciW_big           : "one-two three"          => "ciWx\x1b"     => "x three", 0;
+  vi_di_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"di\""      => "one \"\" three", 5;
+  vi_da_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"da\""      => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote         : "one \"two\" three"      => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'di'"        => "one '' three", 5;
+  vi_da_squote         : "one 'two' three"        => "f'da'"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_di_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`di`"        => "one `` three", 5;
+  vi_da_backtick       : "one `two` three"        => "f`da`"        => "one three", 4;
+  vi_ci_dquote_empty   : "one \"\" three"         => "f\"ci\"x\x1b" => "one \"x\" three", 5;
+  vi_di_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(di("        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_da_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(da("        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_ci_paren          : "one (two) three"        => "f(ci(x\x1b"   => "one (x) three", 5;
+  vi_di_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{di{"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_da_brace          : "one {two} three"        => "f{da{"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[di["        => "one [] three", 5;
+  vi_da_bracket        : "one [two] three"        => "f[da["        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<di<"        => "one <> three", 5;
+  vi_da_angle          : "one <two> three"        => "f<da<"        => "one  three", 4;
+  vi_di_paren_nested   : "fn(a, (b, c))"          => "f(di("        => "fn()", 3;
+  vi_di_paren_empty    : "fn() end"               => "f(di("        => "fn() end", 3;
+  vi_dib_alias         : "one (two) three"        => "f(dib"        => "one () three", 5;
+  vi_diB_alias         : "one {two} three"        => "f{diB"        => "one {} three", 5;
+  vi_percent_paren     : "(hello) world"          => "%"            => "(hello) world", 6;
+  vi_percent_brace     : "{hello} world"          => "%"            => "{hello} world", 6;
+  vi_percent_bracket   : "[hello] world"          => "%"            => "[hello] world", 6;
+  vi_percent_from_close: "(hello) world"          => "f)%"          => "(hello) world", 0;
+  vi_d_percent_paren   : "(hello) world"          => "d%"           => " world", 0;
+  vi_i_insert          : "hello"                  => "iX\x1b"       => "Xhello", 0;
+  vi_a_append          : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_I_front           : "  hello"                => "IX\x1b"       => "  Xhello", 2;
+  vi_A_end             : "hello"                  => "AX\x1b"       => "helloX", 5;
+  vi_o_open_below      : "hello"                  => "oworld\x1b"   => "hello\nworld", 10;
+  vi_O_open_above      : "hello"                  => "Oworld\x1b"   => "world\nhello", 4;
+  vi_empty_input       : ""                       => "i hello\x1b"  => " hello", 5;
+  vi_insert_escape     : "hello"                  => "aX\x1b"       => "hXello", 1;
+  vi_ctrl_w_del_word   : "hello world"            => "A\x17\x1b"    => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_ctrl_h_backspace  : "hello"                  => "A\x08\x1b"    => "hell", 3;
+  vi_u_undo_delete     : "hello world"            => "dwu"          => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_change     : "hello world"            => "ciwfoo\x1bu"  => "hello world", 0;
+  vi_u_undo_x          : "hello"                  => "xu"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_ctrl_r_redo       : "hello"                  => "xu\x12"       => "ello", 0;
+  vi_u_multiple        : "hello world"            => "xdwu"         => "ello world", 0;
+  vi_redo_after_undo   : "hello world"            => "dwu\x12"      => "world", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_x      : "hello"                  => "x."           => "llo", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_dw     : "one two three"          => "dw."          => "three", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_cw     : "one two three"          => "cwfoo\x1bw."  => "foo foo three", 6;
+  vi_dot_repeat_r      : "hello"                  => "ra.."         => "aello", 0;
+  vi_dot_repeat_s      : "hello"                  => "sX\x1bl."     => "XXllo", 1;
+  vi_count_h           : "hello world"            => "$3h"          => "hello world", 7;
+  vi_count_l           : "hello world"            => "3l"           => "hello world", 3;
+  vi_count_w           : "one two three four"     => "2w"           => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_b           : "one two three four"     => "$2b"          => "one two three four", 8;
+  vi_count_x           : "hello"                  => "3x"           => "lo", 0;
+  vi_count_dw          : "one two three four"     => "2dw"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_verb_count_motion : "one two three four"     => "d2w"          => "three four", 0;
+  vi_count_s           : "hello"                  => "3sX\x1b"      => "Xlo", 0;
+  vi_indent_line       : "hello"                  => ">>"           => "\thello", 1;
+  vi_dedent_line       : "\thello"                => "<<"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_indent_double     : "hello"                  => ">>>>"         => "\t\thello", 2;
+  vi_J_join_lines      : "hello\nworld"           => "J"            => "hello world", 5;
+  vi_v_u_lower         : "HELLO"                  => "vlllu"        => "hellO", 0;
+  vi_v_U_upper         : "hello"                  => "vlllU"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_v_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwd"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_x_delete        : "hello world"            => "vwwx"         => "", 0;
+  vi_v_c_change        : "hello world"            => "vwcfoo\x1b"   => "fooorld", 2;
+  vi_v_y_p_yank        : "hello world"            => "vwyAp \x1bp"  => "hello worldp hello w", 19;
+  vi_v_dollar_d        : "hello world"            => "wv$d"         => "hello ", 5;
+  vi_v_0_d             : "hello world"            => "$v0d"         => "", 0;
+  vi_ve_d              : "hello world"            => "ved"          => " world", 0;
+  vi_v_o_swap          : "hello world"            => "vllod"        => "lo world", 0;
+  vi_v_r_replace       : "hello"                  => "vlllrx"       => "xxxxo", 0;
+  vi_v_tilde_case      : "hello"                  => "vlll~"        => "HELLo", 0;
+  vi_V_d_delete        : "hello world"            => "Vd"           => "", 0;
+  vi_V_y_p             : "hello world"            => "Vyp"          => "hello world\nhello world", 12;
+  vi_V_S_change        : "hello world"            => "VSfoo\x1b"    => "foo", 2;
+  vi_ctrl_a_inc        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x01"        => "num 6 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_dec        : "num 5 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num 4 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_negative   : "num -3 end"             => "w\x01"        => "num -2 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_x_to_neg     : "num 0 end"              => "w\x18"        => "num -1 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_count      : "num 5 end"              => "w3\x01"       => "num 8 end", 4;
+  vi_ctrl_a_width      : "num -00001 end"         => "w\x01"        => "num 00000 end", 4;
+  vi_delete_empty      : ""                       => "x"            => "", 0;
+  vi_undo_on_empty     : ""                       => "u"            => "", 0;
+  vi_w_single_char     : "a b c"                  => "w"            => "a b c", 2;
+  vi_dw_last_word      : "hello"                  => "dw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_dollar_single     : "h"                      => "$"            => "h", 0;
+  vi_caret_no_ws       : "hello"                  => "$^"           => "hello", 0;
+  vi_f_last_char       : "hello"                  => "fo"           => "hello", 4;
+  vi_r_on_space        : "hello world"            => "5|r-"         => "hell- world", 4;
+  vi_vw_doesnt_crash   : ""        					      => "vw"           => "", 0;
+  vi_indent_cursor_pos : "echo foo"               => ">>"           => "\techo foo", 1;
+  vi_join_indent_lines : "echo foo\n\t\techo bar" => "J"        => "echo foo echo bar", 8
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vi_auto_indent() {
+  let (mut vi, _g) = test_vi("");
+
+  // Type each line and press Enter separately so auto-indent triggers
+  let lines = [
+    "func() {",
+    "case foo in",
+    "bar)",
+    "while true; do",
+    "echo foo \\\rbar \\\rbiz \\\rbazz\rbreak\rdone\r;;\resac\r}",
+  ];
+
+  for (i, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+    vi.feed_bytes(line.as_bytes());
+    if i != lines.len() - 1 {
+      vi.feed_bytes(b"\r");
+    }
+    vi.process_input().unwrap();
+  }
+
+  assert_eq!(
+    vi.editor.as_str(),
+    "func() {\n\tcase foo in\n\t\tbar)\n\t\t\twhile true; do\n\t\t\t\techo foo \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbar \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbiz \\\n\t\t\t\t\tbazz\n\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\tdone\n\t\t;;\n\tesac\n}"
+  );
+}

src/readline/vicmd.rs

@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ pub enum Motion {
   HalfOfScreen,
   HalfOfScreenLineText,
   WholeBuffer,
-  BeginningOfBuffer,
+  StartOfBuffer,
   EndOfBuffer,
   ToColumn,
   ToDelimMatch,

src/readline/vimode/insert.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ impl ViInsert {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self::default()
   }
+  pub fn record_cmd(mut self, cmd: ViCmd) -> Self {
+    self.cmds.push(cmd);
+    self
+  }
   pub fn with_count(mut self, repeat_count: u16) -> Self {
     self.repeat_count = repeat_count;
     self
@@ -61,10 +65,12 @@ impl ViMode for ViInsert {
         raw_seq: String::new(),
         flags: Default::default(),
       }),
-			E(K::Verbatim(seq), _) => {
-				self.pending_cmd.set_verb(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(seq.to_string())));
-				self.register_and_return()
-			}
+      E(K::Verbatim(seq), _) => {
+        self
+          .pending_cmd
+          .set_verb(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(seq.to_string())));
+        self.register_and_return()
+      }
       E(K::Char('W'), M::CTRL) => {
         self.pending_cmd.set_verb(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Delete));
         self.pending_cmd.set_motion(MotionCmd(

src/readline/vimode/normal.rs

@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl ViNormal {
             'g' => {
               chars_clone.next();
               chars = chars_clone;
-              break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::BeginningOfBuffer));
+              break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::StartOfBuffer));
             }
             'e' => {
               chars = chars_clone;

src/readline/vimode/verbatim.rs

@@ -4,19 +4,11 @@ use crate::readline::vicmd::{CmdFlags, RegisterName, To, Verb, VerbCmd, ViCmd};
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ViVerbatim {
-	pending_seq: String,
   sent_cmd: Vec<ViCmd>,
   repeat_count: u16,
-	read_one: bool
 }
 
 impl ViVerbatim {
-	pub fn read_one() -> Self {
-		Self {
-			read_one: true,
-			..Self::default()
-		}
-	}
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self::default()
   }
@@ -31,7 +23,7 @@ impl ViVerbatim {
 impl ViMode for ViVerbatim {
   fn handle_key(&mut self, key: E) -> Option<ViCmd> {
     match key {
-      E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) if self.read_one => {
+      E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) => {
         log::debug!("Received verbatim key sequence: {:?}", seq);
         let cmd = ViCmd {
           register: RegisterName::default(),
@@ -43,22 +35,6 @@ impl ViMode for ViVerbatim {
         self.sent_cmd.push(cmd.clone());
         Some(cmd)
       }
-			E(K::Verbatim(seq), _mods) => {
-				self.pending_seq.push_str(&seq);
-				None
-			}
-			E(K::BracketedPasteEnd, _mods) => {
-				log::debug!("Received verbatim paste: {:?}", self.pending_seq);
-				let cmd = ViCmd {
-					register: RegisterName::default(),
-					verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::Insert(self.pending_seq.clone()))),
-					motion: None,
-					raw_seq: std::mem::take(&mut self.pending_seq),
-					flags: CmdFlags::EXIT_CUR_MODE,
-				};
-				self.sent_cmd.push(cmd.clone());
-				Some(cmd)
-			}
       _ => common_cmds(key),
     }
   }

src/readline/vimode/visual.rs

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl ViVisual {
           let ch = chars_clone.next()?;
           return Some(ViCmd {
             register,
-            verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::ReplaceChar(ch))),
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(1, Verb::ReplaceCharInplace(ch, 1))),
             motion: None,
             raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
             flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
@@ -237,6 +237,24 @@ impl ViVisual {
             flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
           });
         }
+        's' => {
+          return Some(ViCmd {
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Delete)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
+        }
+        'S' => {
+          return Some(ViCmd {
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Change)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
+        }
         'U' => {
           return Some(ViCmd {
             register,
@@ -283,8 +301,13 @@ impl ViVisual {
           });
         }
         'y' => {
-          chars = chars_clone;
-          break 'verb_parse Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Yank));
+          return Some(ViCmd {
+            register,
+            verb: Some(VerbCmd(count, Verb::Yank)),
+            motion: None,
+            raw_seq: self.take_cmd(),
+            flags: CmdFlags::empty(),
+          });
         }
         'd' => {
           chars = chars_clone;
@@ -335,7 +358,7 @@ impl ViVisual {
               'g' => {
                 chars_clone.next();
                 chars = chars_clone;
-                break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::BeginningOfBuffer));
+                break 'motion_parse Some(MotionCmd(count, Motion::StartOfBuffer));
               }
               'e' => {
                 chars_clone.next();

src/shopt.rs

@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ pub struct ShOptCore {
   pub auto_hist: bool,
   pub bell_enabled: bool,
   pub max_recurse_depth: usize,
+  pub xpg_echo: bool,
+  pub noclobber: bool,
 }
 
 impl ShOptCore {
@@ -184,6 +186,12 @@ impl ShOptCore {
             "shopt: expected an integer for max_hist value (-1 for unlimited)",
           ));
         };
+        if val < -1 {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected a non-negative integer or -1 for max_hist value",
+          ));
+        }
         self.max_hist = val;
       }
       "interactive_comments" => {
@@ -222,6 +230,24 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         };
         self.max_recurse_depth = val;
       }
+      "xpg_echo" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<bool>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected 'true' or 'false' for xpg_echo value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.xpg_echo = val;
+      }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<bool>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected 'true' or 'false' for noclobber value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.noclobber = val;
+      }
       _ => {
         return Err(ShErr::simple(
           ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
@@ -283,6 +309,17 @@ impl ShOptCore {
         output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.max_recurse_depth));
         Ok(Some(output))
       }
+      "xpg_echo" => {
+        let mut output = String::from("Whether echo expands escape sequences by default\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.xpg_echo));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
+      "noclobber" => {
+        let mut output =
+          String::from("Prevent > from overwriting existing files (use >| to override)\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.noclobber));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
       _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
         ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
         format!("shopt: Unexpected 'core' option '{query}'"),
@@ -305,6 +342,8 @@ impl Display for ShOptCore {
     output.push(format!("auto_hist = {}", self.auto_hist));
     output.push(format!("bell_enabled = {}", self.bell_enabled));
     output.push(format!("max_recurse_depth = {}", self.max_recurse_depth));
+    output.push(format!("xpg_echo = {}", self.xpg_echo));
+    output.push(format!("noclobber = {}", self.noclobber));
 
     let final_output = output.join("\n");
 
@@ -323,6 +362,8 @@ impl Default for ShOptCore {
       auto_hist: true,
       bell_enabled: true,
       max_recurse_depth: 1000,
+      xpg_echo: false,
+      noclobber: false,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -337,6 +378,8 @@ pub struct ShOptPrompt {
   pub linebreak_on_incomplete: bool,
   pub leader: String,
   pub line_numbers: bool,
+  pub screensaver_cmd: String,
+  pub screensaver_idle_time: usize,
 }
 
 impl ShOptPrompt {
@@ -408,6 +451,18 @@ impl ShOptPrompt {
         };
         self.line_numbers = val;
       }
+      "screensaver_cmd" => {
+        self.screensaver_cmd = val.to_string();
+      }
+      "screensaver_idle_time" => {
+        let Ok(val) = val.parse::<usize>() else {
+          return Err(ShErr::simple(
+            ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
+            "shopt: expected a positive integer for screensaver_idle_time value",
+          ));
+        };
+        self.screensaver_idle_time = val;
+      }
       "custom" => {
         todo!()
       }
@@ -473,6 +528,17 @@ impl ShOptPrompt {
         output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.line_numbers));
         Ok(Some(output))
       }
+      "screensaver_cmd" => {
+        let mut output = String::from("Command to execute as a screensaver after idle timeout\n");
+        output.push_str(&self.screensaver_cmd);
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
+      "screensaver_idle_time" => {
+        let mut output =
+          String::from("Idle time in seconds before running screensaver_cmd (0 = disabled)\n");
+        output.push_str(&format!("{}", self.screensaver_idle_time));
+        Ok(Some(output))
+      }
       _ => Err(ShErr::simple(
         ShErrKind::SyntaxErr,
         format!("shopt: Unexpected 'prompt' option '{query}'"),
@@ -496,6 +562,11 @@ impl Display for ShOptPrompt {
     ));
     output.push(format!("leader = {}", self.leader));
     output.push(format!("line_numbers = {}", self.line_numbers));
+    output.push(format!("screensaver_cmd = {}", self.screensaver_cmd));
+    output.push(format!(
+      "screensaver_idle_time = {}",
+      self.screensaver_idle_time
+    ));
 
     let final_output = output.join("\n");
 
@@ -514,6 +585,141 @@ impl Default for ShOptPrompt {
       linebreak_on_incomplete: true,
       leader: "\\".to_string(),
       line_numbers: true,
+      screensaver_cmd: String::new(),
+      screensaver_idle_time: 0,
     }
   }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+  use super::*;
+
+  #[test]
+  fn all_core_fields_covered() {
+    let ShOptCore {
+      dotglob,
+      autocd,
+      hist_ignore_dupes,
+      max_hist,
+      interactive_comments,
+      auto_hist,
+      bell_enabled,
+      max_recurse_depth,
+      xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
+    } = ShOptCore::default();
+    // If a field is added to the struct, this destructure fails to compile.
+    let _ = (
+      dotglob,
+      autocd,
+      hist_ignore_dupes,
+      max_hist,
+      interactive_comments,
+      auto_hist,
+      bell_enabled,
+      max_recurse_depth,
+      xpg_echo,
+      noclobber,
+    );
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn set_and_get_core_bool() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    assert!(!opts.core.dotglob);
+
+    opts.set("core.dotglob", "true").unwrap();
+    assert!(opts.core.dotglob);
+
+    opts.set("core.dotglob", "false").unwrap();
+    assert!(!opts.core.dotglob);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn set_and_get_core_int() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    assert_eq!(opts.core.max_hist, 10_000);
+
+    opts.set("core.max_hist", "500").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.core.max_hist, 500);
+
+    opts.set("core.max_hist", "-1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.core.max_hist, -1);
+
+    assert!(opts.set("core.max_hist", "-500").is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn set_and_get_prompt_opts() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+
+    opts.set("prompt.edit_mode", "emacs").unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(opts.prompt.edit_mode, ShedEditMode::Emacs));
+
+    opts.set("prompt.edit_mode", "vi").unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(opts.prompt.edit_mode, ShedEditMode::Vi));
+
+    opts.set("prompt.comp_limit", "50").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.prompt.comp_limit, 50);
+
+    opts.set("prompt.leader", "space").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(opts.prompt.leader, "space");
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn query_set_returns_none() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    let result = opts.query("core.autocd=true").unwrap();
+    assert!(result.is_none());
+    assert!(opts.core.autocd);
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn query_get_returns_some() {
+    let opts = ShOpts::default();
+    let result = opts.get("core.dotglob").unwrap();
+    assert!(result.is_some());
+    let text = result.unwrap();
+    assert!(text.contains("false"));
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn invalid_category_errors() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    assert!(opts.set("bogus.dotglob", "true").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.get("bogus.dotglob").is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn invalid_option_errors() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    assert!(opts.set("core.nonexistent", "true").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.set("prompt.nonexistent", "true").is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn invalid_value_errors() {
+    let mut opts = ShOpts::default();
+    assert!(opts.set("core.dotglob", "notabool").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.set("core.max_hist", "notanint").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.set("core.max_recurse_depth", "-5").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.set("prompt.edit_mode", "notepad").is_err());
+    assert!(opts.set("prompt.comp_limit", "abc").is_err());
+  }
+
+  #[test]
+  fn get_category_lists_all() {
+    let opts = ShOpts::default();
+    let core_output = opts.get("core").unwrap().unwrap();
+    assert!(core_output.contains("dotglob"));
+    assert!(core_output.contains("autocd"));
+    assert!(core_output.contains("max_hist"));
+    assert!(core_output.contains("bell_enabled"));
+
+    let prompt_output = opts.get("prompt").unwrap().unwrap();
+    assert!(prompt_output.contains("edit_mode"));
+    assert!(prompt_output.contains("comp_limit"));
+    assert!(prompt_output.contains("highlight"));
+  }
+}

src/signal.rs

@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ pub fn sig_setup(is_login: bool) {
   }
 }
 
-/// Reset all signal dispositions to SIG_DFL.
+/// Reset signal dispositions to SIG_DFL.
 /// Called in child processes before exec so that the shell's custom
 /// handlers and SIG_IGN dispositions don't leak into child programs.
-pub fn reset_signals() {
+pub fn reset_signals(is_fg: bool) {
   let default = SigAction::new(SigHandler::SigDfl, SaFlags::empty(), SigSet::empty());
   unsafe {
     for sig in Signal::iterator() {
@@ -165,6 +165,10 @@ pub fn reset_signals() {
       if sig == Signal::SIGKILL || sig == Signal::SIGSTOP {
         continue;
       }
+      if is_fg && (sig == Signal::SIGTTIN || sig == Signal::SIGTTOU) {
+        log::debug!("Not resetting SIGTTIN/SIGTTOU in foreground child");
+        continue;
+      }
       let _ = sigaction(sig, &default);
     }
   }

src/state.rs

@@ -38,12 +38,20 @@ use crate::{
   shopt::ShOpts,
 };
 
+thread_local! {
+  pub static SHED: Shed = Shed::new();
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Shed {
   pub jobs: RefCell<JobTab>,
   pub var_scopes: RefCell<ScopeStack>,
   pub meta: RefCell<MetaTab>,
   pub logic: RefCell<LogTab>,
   pub shopts: RefCell<ShOpts>,
+
+  #[cfg(test)]
+  saved: RefCell<Option<Box<Self>>>,
 }
 
 impl Shed {
@@ -54,6 +62,9 @@ impl Shed {
       meta: RefCell::new(MetaTab::new()),
       logic: RefCell::new(LogTab::new()),
       shopts: RefCell::new(ShOpts::default()),
+
+      #[cfg(test)]
+      saved: RefCell::new(None),
     }
   }
 }
@@ -64,6 +75,31 @@ impl Default for Shed {
   }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl Shed {
+  pub fn save(&self) {
+    let saved = Self {
+      jobs: RefCell::new(self.jobs.borrow().clone()),
+      var_scopes: RefCell::new(self.var_scopes.borrow().clone()),
+      meta: RefCell::new(self.meta.borrow().clone()),
+      logic: RefCell::new(self.logic.borrow().clone()),
+      shopts: RefCell::new(self.shopts.borrow().clone()),
+      saved: RefCell::new(None),
+    };
+    *self.saved.borrow_mut() = Some(Box::new(saved));
+  }
+
+  pub fn restore(&self) {
+    if let Some(saved) = self.saved.take() {
+      *self.jobs.borrow_mut() = saved.jobs.into_inner();
+      *self.var_scopes.borrow_mut() = saved.var_scopes.into_inner();
+      *self.meta.borrow_mut() = saved.meta.into_inner();
+      *self.logic.borrow_mut() = saved.logic.into_inner();
+      *self.shopts.borrow_mut() = saved.shopts.into_inner();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[derive(Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum ShellParam {
   // Global
@@ -165,7 +201,7 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     new
   }
   pub fn descend(&mut self, argv: Option<Vec<String>>) {
-    let mut new_vars = VarTab::new();
+    let mut new_vars = VarTab::bare();
     if let Some(argv) = argv {
       for arg in argv {
         new_vars.bpush_arg(arg);
@@ -285,6 +321,34 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     };
     scope.set_var(var_name, val, flags)
   }
+  pub fn get_magic_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    match var_name {
+      "SECONDS" => {
+        let shell_time = read_meta(|m| m.shell_time());
+        let secs = Instant::now().duration_since(shell_time).as_secs();
+        Some(secs.to_string())
+      }
+      "EPOCHREALTIME" => {
+        let epoch = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+          .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+          .unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(0))
+          .as_secs_f64();
+        Some(epoch.to_string())
+      }
+      "EPOCHSECONDS" => {
+        let epoch = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+          .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+          .unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(0))
+          .as_secs();
+        Some(epoch.to_string())
+      }
+      "RANDOM" => {
+        let random = rand::random_range(0..32768);
+        Some(random.to_string())
+      }
+      _ => None,
+    }
+  }
   pub fn get_arr_elems(&self, var_name: &str) -> ShResult<Vec<String>> {
     for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
       if scope.var_exists(var_name)
@@ -410,7 +474,9 @@ impl ScopeStack {
   pub fn try_get_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
     // This version of get_var() is mainly used internally
     // so that we have access to Option methods
-    if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
+    if let Some(magic) = self.get_magic_var(var_name) {
+      return Some(magic);
+    } else if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
       let val = self.get_param(param);
       if !val.is_empty() {
         return Some(val);
@@ -433,6 +499,9 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     var
   }
   pub fn get_var(&self, var_name: &str) -> String {
+    if let Some(magic) = self.get_magic_var(var_name) {
+      return magic;
+    }
     if let Ok(param) = var_name.parse::<ShellParam>() {
       return self.get_param(param);
     }
@@ -464,6 +533,16 @@ impl ScopeStack {
     {
       return val.clone();
     }
+    // Positional params are scope-local; only check the current scope
+    if matches!(
+      param,
+      ShellParam::Pos(_) | ShellParam::AllArgs | ShellParam::AllArgsStr | ShellParam::ArgCount
+    ) {
+      if let Some(scope) = self.scopes.last() {
+        return scope.get_param(param);
+      }
+      return "".into();
+    }
     for scope in self.scopes.iter().rev() {
       let val = scope.get_param(param);
       if !val.is_empty() {
@@ -491,10 +570,6 @@ impl ScopeStack {
   }
 }
 
-thread_local! {
-  pub static SHED: Shed = Shed::new();
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct ShAlias {
   pub body: String,
@@ -920,18 +995,34 @@ impl Display for Var {
   }
 }
 
-impl From<String> for Var {
-  fn from(value: String) -> Self {
-    Self::new(VarKind::Str(value), VarFlags::NONE)
+impl From<Vec<String>> for Var {
+  fn from(value: Vec<String>) -> Self {
+    Self::new(VarKind::Arr(value.into()), VarFlags::NONE)
   }
 }
 
-impl From<&str> for Var {
-  fn from(value: &str) -> Self {
-    Self::new(VarKind::Str(value.into()), VarFlags::NONE)
+impl From<&[String]> for Var {
+  fn from(value: &[String]) -> Self {
+    let mut new = VecDeque::new();
+    new.extend(value.iter().cloned());
+    Self::new(VarKind::Arr(new), VarFlags::NONE)
   }
 }
 
+macro_rules! impl_var_from {
+    ($($t:ty),*) => {
+			$(impl From<$t> for Var {
+				fn from(value: $t) -> Self {
+					Self::new(VarKind::Str(value.to_string()), VarFlags::NONE)
+				}
+			})*
+    };
+}
+
+impl_var_from!(
+  i8, i16, i32, i64, isize, u8, u16, u32, u64, usize, String, &str, bool
+);
+
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct VarTab {
   vars: HashMap<String, Var>,
@@ -942,8 +1033,16 @@ pub struct VarTab {
 }
 
 impl VarTab {
+  pub fn bare() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      vars: HashMap::new(),
+      params: HashMap::new(),
+      sh_argv: VecDeque::new(),
+      maps: HashMap::new(),
+    }
+  }
   pub fn new() -> Self {
-    let vars = HashMap::new();
+    let vars = Self::init_sh_vars();
     let params = Self::init_params();
     Self::init_env();
     let mut var_tab = Self {
@@ -962,6 +1061,11 @@ impl VarTab {
     params.insert(ShellParam::LastJob, "".into()); // PID of the last background job (if any)
     params
   }
+  fn init_sh_vars() -> HashMap<String, Var> {
+    let mut vars = HashMap::new();
+    vars.insert("COMP_WORDBREAKS".into(), " \t\n\"'@><=;|&(".into());
+    vars
+  }
   fn init_env() {
     let pathbuf_to_string =
       |pb: Result<PathBuf, std::io::Error>| pb.unwrap_or_default().to_string_lossy().to_string();
@@ -1226,6 +1330,15 @@ impl VarTab {
         .get(&ShellParam::Status)
         .map(|s| s.to_string())
         .unwrap_or("0".into()),
+      ShellParam::AllArgsStr => {
+        let ifs = get_separator();
+        self
+          .params
+          .get(&ShellParam::AllArgs)
+          .map(|s| s.replace(markers::ARG_SEP, &ifs).to_string())
+          .unwrap_or_default()
+      }
+
       _ => self
         .params
         .get(&param)
@@ -1236,8 +1349,11 @@ impl VarTab {
 }
 
 /// A table of metadata for the shell
-#[derive(Default, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct MetaTab {
+  // Time when the shell was started, used for calculating shell uptime
+  shell_time: Instant,
+
   // command running duration
   runtime_start: Option<Instant>,
   runtime_stop: Option<Instant>,
@@ -1262,6 +1378,25 @@ pub struct MetaTab {
   pending_widget_keys: Vec<KeyEvent>,
 }
 
+impl Default for MetaTab {
+  fn default() -> Self {
+    Self {
+      shell_time: Instant::now(),
+      runtime_start: None,
+      runtime_stop: None,
+      system_msg: vec![],
+      dir_stack: VecDeque::new(),
+      getopts_offset: 0,
+      old_path: None,
+      old_pwd: None,
+      path_cache: HashSet::new(),
+      cwd_cache: HashSet::new(),
+      comp_specs: HashMap::new(),
+      pending_widget_keys: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 impl MetaTab {
   pub fn new() -> Self {
     Self {
@@ -1269,6 +1404,9 @@ impl MetaTab {
       ..Default::default()
     }
   }
+  pub fn shell_time(&self) -> Instant {
+    self.shell_time
+  }
   pub fn set_pending_widget_keys(&mut self, keys: &str) {
     let exp = expand_keymap(keys);
     self.pending_widget_keys = exp;
@@ -1713,6 +1851,15 @@ pub fn change_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(dir: P) -> ShResult<()> {
   Ok(())
 }
 
+pub fn get_separator() -> String {
+  env::var("IFS")
+    .unwrap_or(String::from(" "))
+    .chars()
+    .next()
+    .unwrap()
+    .to_string()
+}
+
 pub fn get_status() -> i32 {
   read_vars(|v| v.get_param(ShellParam::Status))
     .parse::<i32>()

src/testutil.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+use std::{
+  collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+  env,
+  os::fd::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd},
+  path::PathBuf,
+  sync::{self, Arc, MutexGuard},
+};
+
+use nix::{
+  fcntl::{FcntlArg, OFlag, fcntl},
+  pty::openpty,
+  sys::termios::{OutputFlags, SetArg, tcgetattr, tcsetattr},
+  unistd::read,
+};
+
+use crate::{
+  expand::expand_aliases,
+  libsh::error::ShResult,
+  parse::{ParsedSrc, Redir, RedirType, execute::exec_input, lex::LexFlags},
+  procio::{IoFrame, IoMode, RedirGuard},
+  readline::register::{restore_registers, save_registers},
+  state::{MetaTab, SHED, read_logic},
+};
+
+static TEST_MUTEX: sync::Mutex<()> = sync::Mutex::new(());
+
+pub fn has_cmds(cmds: &[&str]) -> bool {
+  let path_cmds = MetaTab::get_cmds_in_path();
+  path_cmds.iter().all(|c| cmds.iter().any(|&cmd| c == cmd))
+}
+
+pub fn has_cmd(cmd: &str) -> bool {
+  MetaTab::get_cmds_in_path().into_iter().any(|c| c == cmd)
+}
+
+pub fn test_input(input: impl Into<String>) -> ShResult<()> {
+  exec_input(input.into(), None, false, None)
+}
+
+pub struct TestGuard {
+  _lock: MutexGuard<'static, ()>,
+  _redir_guard: RedirGuard,
+  old_cwd: PathBuf,
+  saved_env: HashMap<String, String>,
+  pty_master: OwnedFd,
+  pty_slave: OwnedFd,
+
+  cleanups: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce()>>,
+}
+
+impl TestGuard {
+  pub fn new() -> Self {
+    let _lock = TEST_MUTEX.lock().unwrap();
+
+    let pty = openpty(None, None).unwrap();
+    let (pty_master, pty_slave) = (pty.master, pty.slave);
+    let mut attrs = tcgetattr(&pty_slave).unwrap();
+    attrs.output_flags &= !OutputFlags::ONLCR;
+    tcsetattr(&pty_slave, SetArg::TCSANOW, &attrs).unwrap();
+
+    let mut frame = IoFrame::new();
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
+      IoMode::Fd {
+        tgt_fd: 0,
+        src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
+      },
+      RedirType::Input,
+    ));
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
+      IoMode::Fd {
+        tgt_fd: 1,
+        src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
+      },
+      RedirType::Output,
+    ));
+    frame.push(Redir::new(
+      IoMode::Fd {
+        tgt_fd: 2,
+        src_fd: pty_slave.as_raw_fd(),
+      },
+      RedirType::Output,
+    ));
+
+    let _redir_guard = frame.redirect().unwrap();
+
+    let old_cwd = env::current_dir().unwrap();
+    let saved_env = env::vars().collect();
+    SHED.with(|s| s.save());
+    save_registers();
+    Self {
+      _lock,
+      _redir_guard,
+      old_cwd,
+      saved_env,
+      pty_master,
+      pty_slave,
+      cleanups: vec![],
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub fn pty_slave(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
+    unsafe { BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.pty_slave.as_raw_fd()) }
+  }
+
+  pub fn add_cleanup(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce() + 'static) {
+    self.cleanups.push(Box::new(f));
+  }
+
+  pub fn read_output(&self) -> String {
+    let flags = fcntl(self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(), FcntlArg::F_GETFL).unwrap();
+    let flags = OFlag::from_bits_truncate(flags);
+    fcntl(
+      self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(),
+      FcntlArg::F_SETFL(flags | OFlag::O_NONBLOCK),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let mut out = vec![];
+    let mut buf = [0; 4096];
+    loop {
+      match read(self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(), &mut buf) {
+        Ok(0) => break,
+        Ok(n) => out.extend_from_slice(&buf[..n]),
+        Err(_) => break,
+      }
+    }
+
+    fcntl(self.pty_master.as_raw_fd(), FcntlArg::F_SETFL(flags)).unwrap();
+
+    String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).to_string()
+  }
+}
+
+impl Default for TestGuard {
+  fn default() -> Self {
+    Self::new()
+  }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TestGuard {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    env::set_current_dir(&self.old_cwd).ok();
+    for (k, _) in env::vars() {
+      unsafe {
+        env::remove_var(&k);
+      }
+    }
+    for (k, v) in &self.saved_env {
+      unsafe {
+        env::set_var(k, v);
+      }
+    }
+    for cleanup in self.cleanups.drain(..).rev() {
+      cleanup();
+    }
+    SHED.with(|s| s.restore());
+    restore_registers();
+  }
+}
+
+pub fn get_ast(input: &str) -> ShResult<Vec<crate::parse::Node>> {
+  let log_tab = read_logic(|l| l.clone());
+  let input = expand_aliases(input.into(), HashSet::new(), &log_tab);
+
+  let source_name = "test_input".to_string();
+  let mut parser = ParsedSrc::new(Arc::new(input))
+    .with_lex_flags(LexFlags::empty())
+    .with_name(source_name.clone());
+
+  parser
+    .parse_src()
+    .map_err(|e| e.into_iter().next().unwrap())?;
+
+  Ok(parser.extract_nodes())
+}
+
+impl crate::parse::Node {
+  pub fn assert_structure(
+    &mut self,
+    expected: &mut impl Iterator<Item = NdKind>,
+  ) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut full_structure = vec![];
+    let mut before = vec![];
+    let mut after = vec![];
+    let mut offender = None;
+
+    self.walk_tree(&mut |s| {
+      let expected_rule = expected.next();
+      full_structure.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+
+      if offender.is_none()
+        && expected_rule
+          .as_ref()
+          .is_none_or(|e| *e != s.class.as_nd_kind())
+      {
+        offender = Some((s.class.as_nd_kind(), expected_rule));
+      } else if offender.is_none() {
+        before.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+      } else {
+        after.push(s.class.as_nd_kind());
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert!(
+      expected.next().is_none(),
+      "Expected structure has more nodes than actual structure"
+    );
+
+    if let Some((nd_kind, expected_rule)) = offender {
+      let expected_rule = expected_rule.map_or("(none — expected array too short)".into(), |e| {
+        format!("{e:?}")
+      });
+      let full_structure_hint = full_structure
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|s| format!("\tNdKind::{s:?},"))
+        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+        .join("\n");
+      let full_structure_hint =
+        format!("let expected = &mut [\n{full_structure_hint}\n].into_iter();");
+
+      let output = [
+        "Structure assertion failed!\n".into(),
+        format!(
+          "Expected node type '{:?}', found '{:?}'",
+          expected_rule, nd_kind
+        ),
+        format!("Before offender: {:?}", before),
+        format!("After offender: {:?}\n", after),
+        format!("hint: here is the full structure as an array\n {full_structure_hint}"),
+      ]
+      .join("\n");
+
+      Err(output)
+    } else {
+      Ok(())
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum NdKind {
+  IfNode,
+  LoopNode,
+  ForNode,
+  CaseNode,
+  Command,
+  Pipeline,
+  Conjunction,
+  Assignment,
+  BraceGrp,
+  Negate,
+  Test,
+  FuncDef,
+}
+
+impl crate::parse::NdRule {
+  pub fn as_nd_kind(&self) -> NdKind {
+    match self {
+      Self::Negate { .. } => NdKind::Negate,
+      Self::IfNode { .. } => NdKind::IfNode,
+      Self::LoopNode { .. } => NdKind::LoopNode,
+      Self::ForNode { .. } => NdKind::ForNode,
+      Self::CaseNode { .. } => NdKind::CaseNode,
+      Self::Command { .. } => NdKind::Command,
+      Self::Pipeline { .. } => NdKind::Pipeline,
+      Self::Conjunction { .. } => NdKind::Conjunction,
+      Self::Assignment { .. } => NdKind::Assignment,
+      Self::BraceGrp { .. } => NdKind::BraceGrp,
+      Self::Test { .. } => NdKind::Test,
+      Self::FuncDef { .. } => NdKind::FuncDef,
+    }
+  }
+}

tests/gen_vi_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+-- Generate Rust vi_test! macro invocations using neovim as oracle
+-- Usage: nvim --headless --clean -l tests/gen_vi_tests.lua
+--
+-- Define test cases as { name, input_text, key_sequence }
+-- Key sequences use vim notation: <Esc>, <CR>, <C-w>, etc.
+-- The script executes each in a fresh buffer and captures the result.
+
+local tests = {
+	-- ===================== basic char motions =====================
+	{ "dw_basic",          "hello world",       "dw" },
+	{ "dw_middle",         "one two three",     "wdw" },
+	{ "dd_whole_line",     "hello world",       "dd" },
+	{ "x_single",          "hello",             "x" },
+	{ "x_middle",          "hello",             "llx" },
+	{ "X_backdelete",      "hello",             "llX" },
+	{ "h_motion",          "hello",             "$h" },
+	{ "l_motion",          "hello",             "l" },
+	{ "h_at_start",        "hello",             "h" },
+	{ "l_at_end",          "hello",             "$l" },
+
+	-- ===================== word motions (small) =====================
+	{ "w_forward",         "one two three",     "w" },
+	{ "b_backward",        "one two three",     "$b" },
+	{ "e_end",             "one two three",     "e" },
+	{ "ge_back_end",       "one two three",     "$ge" },
+	{ "w_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "w" },
+	{ "e_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "e" },
+	{ "b_punctuation",     "foo.bar baz",       "$b" },
+	{ "w_at_eol",          "hello",             "$w" },
+	{ "b_at_bol",          "hello",             "b" },
+
+	-- ===================== word motions (big) =====================
+	{ "W_forward",         "foo.bar baz",       "W" },
+	{ "B_backward",        "foo.bar baz",       "$B" },
+	{ "E_end",             "foo.bar baz",       "E" },
+	{ "gE_back_end",       "one two three",     "$gE" },
+	{ "W_skip_punct",      "one-two three",     "W" },
+	{ "B_skip_punct",      "one two-three",     "$B" },
+	{ "E_skip_punct",      "one-two three",     "E" },
+	{ "dW_big",            "foo.bar baz",       "dW" },
+	{ "cW_big",            "foo.bar baz",       "cWx<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== line motions =====================
+	{ "zero_bol",          "  hello",           "$0" },
+	{ "caret_first_char",  "  hello",           "$^" },
+	{ "dollar_eol",        "hello world",       "$" },
+	{ "g_last_nonws",      "hello   ",          "g_" },
+	{ "g_no_trailing",     "hello",             "g_" },
+	{ "pipe_column",       "hello world",       "6|" },
+	{ "pipe_col1",         "hello world",       "1|" },
+	{ "I_insert_front",    "  hello",           "Iworld <Esc>" },
+	{ "A_append_end",      "hello",             "A world<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== find motions =====================
+	{ "f_find",            "hello world",       "fo" },
+	{ "F_find_back",       "hello world",       "$Fo" },
+	{ "t_till",            "hello world",       "tw" },
+	{ "T_till_back",       "hello world",       "$To" },
+	{ "f_no_match",        "hello",             "fz" },
+	{ "semicolon_repeat",  "abcabc",            "fa;;" },
+	{ "comma_reverse",     "abcabc",            "fa;;," },
+	{ "df_semicolon",      "abcabc",            "fa;;dfa" },
+	{ "t_at_target",       "aab",               "lta" },
+
+	-- ===================== delete operations =====================
+	{ "D_to_end",          "hello world",       "wD" },
+	{ "d_dollar",          "hello world",       "wd$" },
+	{ "d0_to_start",       "hello world",       "$d0" },
+	{ "dw_multiple",       "one two three",     "d2w" },
+	{ "dt_char",           "hello world",       "dtw" },
+	{ "df_char",           "hello world",       "dfw" },
+	{ "dh_back",           "hello",             "lldh" },
+	{ "dl_forward",        "hello",             "dl" },
+	{ "dge_back_end",      "one two three",     "$dge" },
+	{ "dG_to_end",         "hello world",       "dG" },
+	{ "dgg_to_start",      "hello world",       "$dgg" },
+	{ "d_semicolon",       "abcabc",            "fad;" },
+
+	-- ===================== change operations =====================
+	{ "cw_basic",          "hello world",       "cwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "C_to_end",          "hello world",       "wCfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "cc_whole",          "hello world",       "ccfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "ct_char",           "hello world",       "ctwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "s_single",          "hello",             "sfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "S_whole_line",      "hello world",       "Sfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "cl_forward",        "hello",             "clX<Esc>" },
+	{ "ch_backward",       "hello",             "llchX<Esc>" },
+	{ "cb_word_back",      "hello world",       "$cbfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "ce_word_end",       "hello world",       "cefoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "c0_to_start",       "hello world",       "wc0foo<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== yank and paste =====================
+	{ "yw_p_basic",        "hello world",       "ywwP" },
+	{ "dw_p_paste",        "hello world",       "dwP" },
+	{ "dd_p_paste",        "hello world",       "ddp" },
+	{ "y_dollar_p",        "hello world",       "wy$P" },
+	{ "ye_p",              "hello world",       "yewP" },
+	{ "yy_p",              "hello world",       "yyp" },
+	{ "Y_p",               "hello world",       "Yp" },
+	{ "p_after_x",         "hello",             "xp" },
+	{ "P_before",          "hello",             "llxP" },
+	{ "paste_empty",       "hello",             "p" },
+
+	-- ===================== replace =====================
+	{ "r_replace",         "hello",             "ra" },
+	{ "r_middle",          "hello",             "llra" },
+	{ "r_at_end",          "hello",             "$ra" },
+	{ "r_space",           "hello",             "r " },
+	{ "r_with_count",      "hello",             "3rx" },
+
+	-- ===================== case operations =====================
+	{ "tilde_single",      "hello",             "~" },
+	{ "tilde_count",       "hello",             "3~" },
+	{ "tilde_at_end",      "HELLO",             "$~" },
+	{ "tilde_mixed",       "hElLo",             "5~" },
+	{ "gu_word",           "HELLO world",       "guw" },
+	{ "gU_word",           "hello WORLD",       "gUw" },
+	{ "gu_dollar",         "HELLO WORLD",       "gu$" },
+	{ "gU_dollar",         "hello world",       "gU$" },
+	{ "gu_0",              "HELLO WORLD",       "$gu0" },
+	{ "gU_0",              "hello world",       "$gU0" },
+	{ "gtilde_word",       "hello WORLD",       "g~w" },
+	{ "gtilde_dollar",     "hello WORLD",       "g~$" },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: word =====================
+	{ "diw_inner",         "one two three",     "wdiw" },
+	{ "ciw_replace",       "hello world",       "ciwfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "daw_around",        "one two three",     "wdaw" },
+	{ "yiw_p",             "hello world",       "yiwAp <Esc>p" },
+	{ "diW_big_inner",     "one-two three",     "diW" },
+	{ "daW_big_around",    "one two-three end", "wdaW" },
+	{ "ciW_big",           "one-two three",     "ciWx<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: quotes =====================
+	{ "di_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"di"' },
+	{ "da_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"da"' },
+	{ "ci_dquote",         'one "two" three',   'f"ci"x<Esc>' },
+	{ "di_squote",         "one 'two' three",   "f'di'" },
+	{ "da_squote",         "one 'two' three",   "f'da'" },
+	{ "di_backtick",       "one `two` three",   "f`di`" },
+	{ "da_backtick",       "one `two` three",   "f`da`" },
+	{ "ci_dquote_empty",   'one "" three',      'f"ci"x<Esc>' },
+
+	-- ===================== text objects: delimiters =====================
+	{ "di_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(di(" },
+	{ "da_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(da(" },
+	{ "ci_paren",          "one (two) three",   "f(ci(x<Esc>" },
+	{ "di_brace",          "one {two} three",   "f{di{" },
+	{ "da_brace",          "one {two} three",   "f{da{" },
+	{ "di_bracket",        "one [two] three",   "f[di[" },
+	{ "da_bracket",        "one [two] three",   "f[da[" },
+	{ "di_angle",          "one <two> three",   "f<di<" },
+	{ "da_angle",          "one <two> three",   "f<da<" },
+	{ "di_paren_nested",   "fn(a, (b, c))",     "f(di(" },
+	{ "di_paren_empty",    "fn() end",          "f(di(" },
+	{ "dib_alias",         "one (two) three",   "f(dib" },
+	{ "diB_alias",         "one {two} three",   "f{diB" },
+
+	-- ===================== delimiter matching =====================
+	{ "percent_paren",     "(hello) world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_brace",     "{hello} world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_bracket",   "[hello] world",     "%" },
+	{ "percent_from_close", "(hello) world",    "f)%" },
+	{ "d_percent_paren",   "(hello) world",     "d%" },
+
+	-- ===================== insert mode entry =====================
+	{ "i_insert",          "hello",             "iX<Esc>" },
+	{ "a_append",          "hello",             "aX<Esc>" },
+	{ "I_front",           "  hello",           "IX<Esc>" },
+	{ "A_end",             "hello",             "AX<Esc>" },
+	{ "o_open_below",      "hello",             "oworld<Esc>" },
+	{ "O_open_above",      "hello",             "Oworld<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== insert mode operations =====================
+	{ "empty_input",       "",                  "i hello<Esc>" },
+	{ "insert_escape",     "hello",             "aX<Esc>" },
+	{ "ctrl_w_del_word",   "hello world",       "A<C-w><Esc>" },
+	{ "ctrl_h_backspace",  "hello",             "A<C-h><Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== undo / redo =====================
+	{ "u_undo_delete",     "hello world",       "dwu" },
+	{ "u_undo_change",     "hello world",       "ciwfoo<Esc>u" },
+	{ "u_undo_x",          "hello",             "xu" },
+	{ "ctrl_r_redo",       "hello",             "xu<C-r>" },
+	{ "u_multiple",        "hello world",       "xdwu" },
+	{ "redo_after_undo",   "hello world",       "dwu<C-r>" },
+
+	-- ===================== dot repeat =====================
+	{ "dot_repeat_x",      "hello",             "x." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_dw",     "one two three",     "dw." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_cw",     "one two three",     "cwfoo<Esc>w." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_r",      "hello",             "ra.." },
+	{ "dot_repeat_s",      "hello",             "sX<Esc>l." },
+
+	-- ===================== counts =====================
+	{ "count_h",           "hello world",       "$3h" },
+	{ "count_l",           "hello world",       "3l" },
+	{ "count_w",           "one two three four", "2w" },
+	{ "count_b",           "one two three four", "$2b" },
+	{ "count_x",           "hello",             "3x" },
+	{ "count_dw",          "one two three four", "2dw" },
+	{ "verb_count_motion", "one two three four", "d2w" },
+	{ "count_s",           "hello",             "3sX<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== indent / dedent =====================
+	{ "indent_line",       "hello",             ">>" },
+	{ "dedent_line",       "\thello",           "<<" },
+	{ "indent_double",     "hello",             ">>>>" },
+
+	-- ===================== join =====================
+	{ "J_join_lines",      "hello\nworld",      "J" },
+
+	-- ===================== case in visual =====================
+	{ "v_u_lower",         "HELLO",             "vlllu" },
+	{ "v_U_upper",         "hello",             "vlllU" },
+
+	-- ===================== visual mode =====================
+	{ "v_d_delete",        "hello world",       "vwwd" },
+	{ "v_x_delete",        "hello world",       "vwwx" },
+	{ "v_c_change",        "hello world",       "vwcfoo<Esc>" },
+	{ "v_y_p_yank",        "hello world",       "vwyAp <Esc>p" },
+	{ "v_dollar_d",        "hello world",       "wv$d" },
+	{ "v_0_d",             "hello world",       "$v0d" },
+	{ "ve_d",              "hello world",       "ved" },
+	{ "v_o_swap",          "hello world",       "vllod" },
+	{ "v_r_replace",       "hello",             "vlllrx" },
+	{ "v_tilde_case",      "hello",             "vlll~" },
+
+	-- ===================== visual line mode =====================
+	{ "V_d_delete",        "hello world",       "Vd" },
+	{ "V_y_p",             "hello world",       "Vyp" },
+	{ "V_S_change",        "hello world",       "VSfoo<Esc>" },
+
+	-- ===================== increment / decrement =====================
+	{ "ctrl_a_inc",        "num 5 end",         "w<C-a>" },
+	{ "ctrl_x_dec",        "num 5 end",         "w<C-x>" },
+	{ "ctrl_a_negative",   "num -3 end",        "w<C-a>" },
+	{ "ctrl_x_to_neg",     "num 0 end",         "w<C-x>" },
+	{ "ctrl_a_count",      "num 5 end",         "w3<C-a>" },
+
+	-- ===================== misc / edge cases =====================
+	{ "delete_empty",      "",                  "x" },
+	{ "undo_on_empty",     "",                  "u" },
+	{ "w_single_char",     "a b c",             "w" },
+	{ "dw_last_word",      "hello",             "dw" },
+	{ "dollar_single",     "h",                 "$" },
+	{ "caret_no_ws",       "hello",             "$^" },
+	{ "f_last_char",       "hello",             "fo" },
+	{ "r_on_space",        "hello world",       "5|r-" },
+}
+
+-- Map vim special key names to Rust string escape sequences
+local key_to_bytes = {
+	["<Esc>"]   = "\\x1b",
+	["<CR>"]    = "\\r",
+	["<BS>"]    = "\\x7f",
+	["<Tab>"]   = "\\t",
+	["<Del>"]   = "\\x1b[3~",
+	["<Up>"]    = "\\x1b[A",
+	["<Down>"]  = "\\x1b[B",
+	["<Right>"] = "\\x1b[C",
+	["<Left>"]  = "\\x1b[D",
+	["<Home>"]  = "\\x1b[H",
+	["<End>"]   = "\\x1b[F",
+}
+
+-- Convert vim key notation to Rust string escape sequences
+local function keys_to_rust(keys)
+	local result = keys
+	result = result:gsub("<C%-(.)>", function(ch)
+		local byte = string.byte(ch:lower()) - string.byte('a') + 1
+		return string.format("\\x%02x", byte)
+	end)
+	for name, bytes in pairs(key_to_bytes) do
+		result = result:gsub(vim.pesc(name), bytes)
+	end
+	return result
+end
+
+-- Escape a string for use in a Rust string literal
+local function rust_escape(s)
+	return s:gsub("\\", "\\\\"):gsub('"', '\\"'):gsub("\n", "\\n"):gsub("\t", "\\t")
+end
+
+io.write("vi_test! {\n")
+
+for i, test in ipairs(tests) do
+	local name, input, keys = test[1], test[2], test[3]
+
+	-- Fresh buffer and register state
+	local input_lines = vim.split(input, "\n", { plain = true })
+	vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(0, 0, -1, false, input_lines)
+	vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor(0, { 1, 0 })
+	vim.fn.setreg('"', '')
+
+	-- Execute the key sequence synchronously
+	local translated = vim.api.nvim_replace_termcodes(keys, true, false, true)
+	vim.api.nvim_feedkeys(translated, "ntx", false)
+	vim.api.nvim_exec_autocmds("CursorMoved", {})
+
+	-- Capture result
+	local lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(0, 0, -1, false)
+	local result = table.concat(lines, "\n")
+	local cursor_col = vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0)[2]
+
+	local rust_keys = keys_to_rust(keys)
+	local rust_input = rust_escape(input)
+	local rust_result = rust_escape(result)
+
+	local sep = ";"
+	if i == #tests then sep = "" end
+
+	io.write(string.format('\tvi_%s: "%s" => "%s" => "%s", %d%s\n',
+		name, rust_input, rust_keys, rust_result, cursor_col, sep))
+end
+
+io.write("}\n")
+
+vim.cmd("qa!")